List of portmanteaus
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Wiktionary has a category on English blends.
This is a selection of portmanteau words.
Animals
[edit]- Hvaldimir, from Norwegian hval (whale) and Russian President Vladimir Putin
- lorikeet, from lory and parakeet[1]
Hybrids
[edit]Cats
[edit]Mixed breeds
[edit]Dogs
[edit]- cockapoo, from cocker spaniel and poodle[2] (with influence from cockatoo)
- goldendoodle, from golden retriever and poodle ("doodle" in reference to the Labradoodle)
- Labradoodle, from Labrador retriever and poodle
Fictional
[edit]Art, literature and entertainment
[edit]- mockumentary, from mock and documentary[2]
- newscast, from news and broadcast[5]
- nonebrity, from nonentity and celebrity[6]
- reprography, from reproduce and photography[2]
- sitcom, from situational comedy[5]
- Spraycation, from vacation and spraypainting coined by the anonymous English Street artist Banksy for the title of his summer 2021 series of works "A Great British Spraycation"[7]
- travelogue, from travel and monologue
Fashion and apparel
[edit]- crossplay, from crossdressing and cosplay[8]
- jeggings, from jeans and leggings[2]
Cuisine
[edit]- beefaroni, from beef and macaroni
- brunch, from breakfast and lunch[5]
- Buffaranch, from Buffalo sauce and ranch dressing[9]
- Chipwich, from chocolate chip and ice cream sandwich
- Chocodile, from chocolate and crocodile
- cronut, from croissant and donut
- Floribbean, Floridian and Caribbean
- glutose, from glucose and fructose[2]
- gooducken, from goose, duck, and chicken
- Hanch, from hot sauce and ranch dressing[10]
- Honeyracha, from honey and sriracha[11]
- Ketchili, from ketchup and sweet chili sauce[9]
- Kranch, from ketchup and ranch dressing[12]
- Lymon, from lime and lemon[13]
- Mayocue, from mayonnaise and barbecue[14][15][16]
- Mayomust, from mayonnaise and mustard[14][15][16]
- Mayoracha, from mayonnaise and sriracha[17]
- Tarchup, from tartar sauce and ketchup[10]
- tofurkey, from tofu and turkey
- turducken, from turkey, duck, and chicken
- Wasabioli, from wasabi and aioli[10]
Hybrids
[edit]- broccoflower, from broccoli and cauliflower
- Brusselkale, from Brussels sprouts and kale
- caulini, from cauliflower and broccolini
- celtuce, from celery and lettuce
- citrange, from citron and orange[2]
- citrangequat, from citrange and kumquat
- citrumelo, from citrus and pommelo
- garlion, from garlic and onion[2]
- Grāpple, from grape and apple
- Kinnow, from 'King' (Citrus nobilis) and 'Willow Leaf' (Citrus × deliciosa)
- lemonquat, from lemon and kumquat
- limequat, from Key lime and kumquat
- mandelo, from mandarin orange and pommelo
- orangequat, from orange and kumquat
- parsnip, from Pastinaca and turnip[18][19][20][21][22] (though often confused with parsley root leftover after the leaves and stems have been snipped)
- peacherine, from peach and nectarine
- peacotum, from peach, apricot and plum
- pineberry, from pineapple and strawberry
- pluot, from plum and apricot
- pomato, from potato and tomato
- procimequat, from primitive Hong Kong kumquat and limequat
- sunchoke, from sunflower and artichoke
- tangelo, from tangerine and pomelo
- tomacco, from tomato and tobacco, coined on The Simpsons, "E-i-e-i-(Annoyed Grunt)"
- topepo, from tomato and sweet pepper
- triticale, from Triticum (wheat) and Secale (rye)
- yuzuquat, from yuzu and kumquat
General
[edit]- advergame, from advertising and game[2]
- baffound, from baffle and confound[2]
- balloonacy, from balloon and lunacy[2]
- blizzaster, from blizzard and disaster[2]
- boldacious, from bold and audacious[2]
- brainiac, from brain and maniac[5]
- burble, from bubble and gurgle[23][24]
- cablegram, from cable and telegram[2]
- carbage, from car and garbage[2]
- Chinarello, from China and Pinarello (used to describe a counterfeit Pinarello racing bike)[25]
- chuggers, from charity and muggers[2]
- complisult, from compliment and insult[2]
- cosplay, from costume and play[5]
- disastrophe, from disaster and catastrophe[2]
- drunkorexia, from drunk and anorexia
- dumbfound, from dumb and confound[26]
- electrocute, from electric and execute[5]
- Farmageddon, from farm and Armageddon, title of book
- flimmer, from flicker and glimmer[2]
- flounder, from flounce and founder[27] or founder and blunder[28]
- fluff, from flue and puff[29][30]
- foolosophy, from fool and philosophy[2]
- glamping, from glamour and camping[2]
- glasphalt, from glass and asphalt[2]
- globesity, from global and obesity[2]
- Japanglish, Japanese and English mixed up to humorous effect (cf. Chinglish, Spanglish, Franglais)[31][32]
- mangina, from man and vagina[33]
- medevac, medical evacuation[34]
- motel, from motor and hotel[5]
- Movember, from moustache and November[2]
- needcessity, from need and necessity[2]
- prissy, from prim and fussy (or sissy)[35]
- scribacious, from scribe and loquacious[2]
- sexcellent, from sex and excellent[36]
- sexting, from sex and texting[2]
- shamateur, from sham and amateur[2]
- shiksappeal, from shiksa and appeal
- simulcasting, from simultaneous broadcasting[2]
- slimsy, from slim and flimsy[37]
- slithy, from slimy and lithe (coined by Lewis Carroll)[2]
- smog, from smoke and fog[2]
- smothercate, from smother and suffocate[2]
- Snowmageddon, from snow and Armageddon[2]
- solemncholy, from solemn and melancholy[2]
- splatter, from splash and spatter[5]
- squarson, from squire and parson[2]
- squirl, from squiggle and twirl or whirl[2]
- stash, from store or stow and cache[5]
- staycation, from stay and vacation[2]
- telethon, from television and marathon[5]
- transbian, from transgender and lesbian[38]
- twirl, from twist and whirl[39][40]
- twunk, from twink and hunk[41][42]
Internet and computing
[edit]- brogrammer, from bro and programmer[43]
- listicle, from list and article[5]
- machinima, from machine and cinema[44]
- Pokémon, from pocket and monster[5]
- textonym, from text and synonym[2]
- vortal, from vertical and portal[2]
- Microsoft, from microcomputer and software[45]
Organizations and companies
[edit]- Alstom, from Alsace and Thompson-Houston[a]
- Amtrak, from American and track
- Bapes, from bathing and ape
- Calutron, from California University Cyclotron
- Citizendium, from Citizens' Compendium
- Conservapedia, from conservative and Wikipedia
- Dash (cryptocurrency), from Digital and Cash
- Ecosia, from ecology and Acacia
- Edexcel, from educational and excellence
- Emergen-C, from emergency and vitamin C
- Extell, from excellence and intelligence
- Froogle, from frugal and Google
- Fruitopia, from fruit and utopia
- Fudgsicle, from fudge and popsicle
- Funimation, from fun and animation
- Garmin, from Gary Burrell and Min Kao
- Googleplex, from Google and complex (meaning a complex of buildings)[b]
- Groupon, from group and coupon
- Ideanomics, from idea and economics
- Imagineering, from Imagine (or Imagination) and Engineering
- LATAM, from Lan Airlines and TAM Airlines
- Lenovo, from Legend and "novo" (Latin ablative for "new")
- Medi-Cal, California's name for their Medicaid program, from medical and California
- Medicaid, from medicine/medical and aid
- Medicare, from medicine/medical and care
- Netflix, from internet and flicks (slang for movie)
- Nikon, from Nippon Kōgaku and Ikon
- Pinterest, from pin and interest
- Poo-Pourri, from poo and potpourri
- Popsicle, from lollipop and icicle[5]
- Qualcomm, from Quality and Communications
- RuPay, from rupee and payment
- Rustoleum, from rust and linoleum
- Spotify, from spot and identify
- Teletoon, from television and cartoon
- Toonami, from cartoon and tsunami
- Toshiba, from Shibaura Seisaku-sho and Tokyo Denki[c]
- Travelocity, from travel and velocity
- Triscuit, from electricity and biscuit
- Venezuelanalysis, from Venezuela and analysis
- Verizon, from veritas (Latin for truth) and horizon
- Victorinox, from Victoria (the company founder's mother) and inox (stainless steel)
- Unilever, from Margarine Unie and Lever Brothers
- Wikimedia, from Wikipedia and media
- Wikipedia, from wiki and encyclopedia
- Yelp, from yellow pages and help
- Yosicle, from yogurt and popsicle
Places
[edit]- AfPak, from Afghanistan and Pakistan
- Afrabia, from Africa and Arabia
- Afro-Eurasia, from Africa, Europe, Asia
- Arlandria, from Arlington, VA and Alexandria, VA
- Australasia, from Australia and Asia
- Autopia, attraction in Disneyland, from automobile and utopia
- Benelux, from Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg
- Birome, from Bickham and Jerome Cartwright, landowners
- BosWash, from Boston and Washington, D.C.
- Brockton, from Brant, Greenock and Walkerton
- Calexico, from California and Mexico
- Calistoga, from California and Saratoga
- Canwood, from Canadian woodlands
- Chambana, from Champaign and Urbana
- Chiberia, from Chicago and Siberia
- Chindia, from China and India
- Chiraq, from Chicago and Iraq
- Chimerica, from China and America
- Clerval, from claire vallée, French for "clear valley"
- Cotai, from Coloane and Taipa
- Czechoslovakia, from Czechia and Slovakia
- Dalworthington Gardens, a city in north Texas, from Dallas, Fort Worth, Arlington
- Delmarva, from Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia
- Delran Township, from the Delaware River and Rancocas Creek
- Donbas, from Donets coal basin
- Eurabia, from Europe and Arabia
- Eurasia, from Europe and Asia
- Fairborn, from Fairfield and Osborn
- Gerbangkertosusila, from Gresik, Bangkalan, Mojokerto, Surabaya, Sidoarjo, Lamongan
- Glenbard, from Glen Ellyn and Lombard
- Harvey Cedars, from harvest and cedars
- Hillcrest, from Country Club Hills and Hazel Crest
- Hollansburg, from Hollaman and Harland, landowners
- Hotlanta, from hot and Atlanta
- Illiana, from Illinois and Indiana
- Indialantic, from Indian River Lagoon and the Atlantic Ocean
- Irrigon, from irrigation and Oregon
- Jabodetabek, from Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi[d]
- Jardee, from Jardanup and Deeside
- Kanorado, from Kansas And Colorado
- Kanwaka Township and Kanwaka, from the Kansas and Wakarusa Rivers
- Kentuckiana, from Kentucky and Indiana
- Kormak, from Charles Korpela and Oscar Maki, settlers
- Manchattan, from Manchester and Manhattan[47]
- Mexicali, from Mexico and California
- Michiana, from Michigan and Indiana
- Navelencia, from navel and Valencia oranges
- NyLon (the concept, not the plastic), from New York City and London
- Nylonkong, from New York City, London, and Hong Kong
- Ohaton, from the Osler, Hammond and Nanton company
- Pennsyltucky, from Pennsylvania and Kentucky
- Poictesme, from the two French towns Poitiers and Angoulême, used in a number of novels by James Branch Cabell
- Sauk Prairie, from Sauk City and Prairie du Sac
- Scarberia, from Scarborough and Siberia
- SeaTac and Sea-Tac Airport, from Seattle and Tacoma
- Senegambia, from Senegal and Gambia
- Stravenue, from street and avenue
- Tamiami, from Tampa and Miami
- Tanzania, from Tanganyika and Zanzibar
- Taxachusetts, from taxation and Massachusetts
- Texarkana, from Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana
- Texoma, from Texas and Oklahoma
- The Tridge, from Tri-Cities and bridge
- Valsetz, from the Valley and Siletz Railroad, now a ghost town
- Vansterdam, from Vancouver and Amsterdam
- WaKeeney, from Warren, Keeney, & Co.
- Willowick, from Willoughby and Wickliffe, OH
- Woolaroc, from woods, lakes and rocks
Politics
[edit]- agitprop, from agitation and propaganda
- beurgeois, from beur and bourgeois
- Cocacolonization, from Coca-Cola and colonization[2]
- copaganda, from cop and propaganda
- democrazy, from democracy and crazy[48]
- Demoncrat, from demon and Democrat
- Eracism, from erase and racism
- feminazi, from feminist and Nazi
- Gerrymander, from Elbridge Gerry and salamander[49][2]
- kayaktivism, from kayaks and activism
- Merkozy, from Angela Merkel and Nicolas Sarkozy
- netroots, from internet and grassroots
- Obamacare, from Barack Obama and healthcare
- Obamney, from Barack Obama and Mitt Romney
- precariat, from precarious and proletariat
- Putler, from Vladimir Putin and Adolf Hitler[50]
- Rashism, from Russia and fascism
- Republicant, from Republican and can't
- Ruthanasia, from Ruth Richardson and euthanasia
- squirearchy, from squire and hierarchy[2]
- Trumponomics, from Donald Trump and economics (see Reaganomics)
- Trumpster diving, from Donald Trump and dumpster diving
- Trumpster fire, from Donald Trump and dumpster fire
- warphans from war and orphans
- wikiality, from Wikipedia and reality
- Zupta, from Jacob Zuma and Gupta
Economics
[edit]- Abenomics, from Shinzō Abe and economics
- Bidenomics, from Joe Biden and economics
- Clintonomics, from Bill Clinton and economics
- Freakonomics, from freak and economics
- Moneygeddon, from money and Armageddon (permanent scare of financial crises)[2]
- precariat, from precarious and proletariat
- Reaganomics, from Ronald Reagan and economics
- Rogernomics, from Roger Douglas and economics
- Rubinomics, from Robert Rubin and economics
- shrinkflation, from shrink and inflation
- stagflation, from stagnation and inflation[2]
- tipflation, from tipping and inflation
- tokenomics, from token and economics
- Trussonomics, from Liz Truss and economics
- Volfefe index, from volatility and covfefe
- Orbanomics, from Viktor Orbán and economics
Movements
[edit]- agrihood, from agriculture and neighborhood
- Berniecrat, from Bernie Sanders and Democrat
- Blexit, from black and exit
- Blexit, from Belgium and exit
- Brexit, from Britain and exit (with regards to leaving the EU)
- Calexit, from California and exit
- Chrislam, from Christianity and Islam
- Czexit, from Czech Republic and exit
- Danexit, from Dane and exit
- Dixiecrat, from Dixie and Democrat
- Fixit, from Finland and exit (with regards to leaving the EU)
- Frexit, from France and exit
- Grexit, from Greece and exit
- Huxit, from Hungary and exit
- Lexit, from left and Brexit
- Lexit, from Luxembourg and exit
- Nexit, from Netherlands and exit
- Qultists, from QAnon and cultists
- Polexit, from Poland and exit
- regrexit, from regret and Brexit
- Roexit, from Romania and exit
- Texit, from Texas and exit
- thinspiration, from thin and inspiration
- Trumpanzees, from Donald Trump and chimpanzees
Sciences
[edit]- abzyme, from antibody and enzyme
- alkyd, from alkyl (alcohol) and id (acid or anhydride)
- ampacity, from ampere and capacity
- aquaponics, from aquaculture and hydroponics
- atomaniac, from atom and maniac
- biomarker, from biological and marker
- bionics, from biology and electronics
- botox, from botulinum and toxin[5]
- brinicle, from brine and icicle
- caplet, from capsule and tablet[51]
- carborundum, from carbon and corundum
- cermet, from ceramic and metal
- chemokine, from chemotactic and cytokine
- clopen set, from closed-open set
- contrail, from condensation and trail
- cryptochrome, from cryptogam and chromatic[52]
- cultivar, from cultivated and variety
- cyborg, from cybernetic and organism
- diabesity, from diabetes and obesity
- digipeater, from digital and repeater
- electret, from electricity and magnet[2]
- endorphin, from endogenous and morphine
- fogponics, from fog and aeroponics
- genome, from gene and chromosome[53][54][55][56]
- geofact, from geological and artifact
- gleeking, from sublingual gland and leaking
- glocalization, from globalization and local[2]
- glymphatic system, from glial and lymphatic
- grism, from grating and prism
- guesstimate, from guess and estimate
- Henipavirus, from Hendra virus and Nipah virus
- hermaphrodite, from Hermes and Aphrodite
- lavacicle, from lava and icicle
- lidar, from light and radar
- mafic, from magnesium and ferric
- melatonin, from melanin and serotonin
- memristor, from memory and transistor
- mesohigh, from mesoscale and high-pressure area
- mesolow, from mesoscale and low-pressure area
- mesonet, from mesoscale and network
- Nastronaut, from NASA and astronaut
- nutraceutical, from nutrition and pharmaceutical
- parsec, from parallax and arcsecond
- pellistor, from pellet and resistor
- permaculture, from permanent and agriculture or culture
- petrochemical, from petroleum and chemical
- posistor, from positive and thermistor
- positron, from positive and electron
- prion, from protein and infection[57][58]
- proteome, from proteins and genome
- pulsar, from pulsating and quasar
- purine, from pure and urine
- quoats, from quality and oats
- radome, from radar and dome
- redox, from reduction and oxidation
- resorcin, from resin and orcin
- rusticle, from rust and icicle
- Snuppy, from SNU and puppy
- spintronic, from spin and electronics
- sporabola, from spore and parabola
- stiction, from static and friction
- surfactant, from surface active agent
- synzyme, from synthetic and enzyme
- telematics, from telecommunications and informatics
- thermistor, from thermal and resistor
- tripledemic, from triple and pandemic
- trivection, from triple and convection
- twindemic, from twin and pandemic
- urinalysis, from urine and analysis
- vitamer, from vitamin and isomer
- vitamin, from vita and amine
- warfarin, from WARF (Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation) and coumarin
- wavicle, from wave and particle
Sports and fitness
[edit]- athleisure, from athletic and leisure
- boxercise, from boxing and exercise
- dancercise, from dancing and exercise
- Deaflympics, from deaf and Olympics
- exercycle, from exercise and bicycle
- flymph, from fly (fishing) and nymph
- gun fu, from gun and kung fu
- gymcel, from gym and incel
- Gymkata, from gymnastics and karate
- Gymkhana, from gymnasium and Jama'at Khana
- heelies, from heel and wheelie
- heliskiing, from helicopter and skiing
- Jazzercise, from jazz and exercise
- Mobot, from Mo (Farah) and robot
- Motocross, from motorcycle and cross country
- Monzanapolis, from Monza and Indianapolis
- Paralympics, from parallel (originally paraplegic) and Olympics
- parasailing, from parachute and sailing
- plogging, from “plocka” (Swedish “pick up”) and jogging
- Prancercise, from prance and exercise
- scorigami, from score and origami[59]
- SerAndy, from Serena Williams and Sir Andy Murray[60]
- slurve, from slider and curve (baseball pitches)
- snuba, from snorkel and scuba
- squipper, from survival, equipment, and fitter
- TaeBo, from Taekwondo and boxing
- twi-night, from twilight and night
- wallyball, from wall and volleyball
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Originally spelled "Alsthom", the "h" was removed in 2008 (the company was named GEC-Alsthom at the time).
- ^ Influence from googolplex.
- ^ Through the merger of Shibaura Seisaku-sho and Tokyo Denki became Tokyo Shibaura Electric K.K.
- ^ Sometimes Cianjur also included, became Jabodetabekjur or Jabodetabekpunjur.[46]
External links
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "lorikeet". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay Olga Kornienko, Grinin L, Ilyin I, Herrmann P, Korotayev A (2016). "Social and Economic Background of Blending" (PDF). Globalistics and Globalization Studies: Global Transformations and Global Future. Volgograd: Uchitel Publishing House. pp. 220–225. ISBN 978-5-7057-5026-9.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Lescrauwaet Vandenabiile; Anne-Cathèrine Marie Marc (1 Oct 1997). "Primera cruza interespecífica de Llama (Lama glama) y Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) como opción innovadora en la ganadería productiva de la Región de Magallanes, Chile". Observatorio para la Innovación Silvoagropecuaria y la Cadena Agroalimentaria. Retrieved 18 Nov 2021.
- ^ Philip Nel; Lissa Paul; Nina Christensen, eds. (2021-01-12). Keywords for Children's Literature, Second Edition. New York University Press. p. 100. doi:10.18574/nyu/9781479885435.001.0001. ISBN 9781479885435. S2CID 250103127.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Jones, Meghan (27 May 2022). "18 Portmanteau Words You Never Thought Of". Pleasantville NY: Reader's Digest. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
- ^ Ian MacKenzie (2011-11-15). "Lexical innovation: cromulently embiggening a language". Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses (27): 91–105. doi:10.14198/raei.2014.27.06. hdl:10045/46815.
- ^ "Banksy-style pieces appear in Gorleston, Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft". BBC News. 2021-08-07. Retrieved 2021-08-09.
- ^ Baker-Whitelaw, Gavia (January 16, 2017). "What is crossplay?". The Daily Dot. Complex Media, Inc. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
- ^ a b Pomranz, Mike (2021-03-29). "Buffaranch and Sweet Ketchili Are Heinz's Latest Condiment Mashups to Hit U.S. Shelves". Food & Wine. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
- ^ a b c Pomranz, Mike (2021-03-19). "Heinz Unveils 'Tarchup,' 'Wasabioli,' and 'Hanch' in Canada". Food & Wine. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
- ^ Salaky, Kristin (2020-01-08). "Exclusive: HoneyRacha Is The Heinz Condiment Mash-Up We've Been Waiting For". Delish.com. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
- ^ Martin, Rachel (5 April 2019). "Heinz Launches 'Kranch'". NPR. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
- ^ Bing, Jonathan (June 12, 2006). "Subliminal ads with a twist of lymon". Variety. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
- ^ a b Meyer, Zlati (26 March 2019). "Where's the best place to hit the Heinz? 7 fun facts as ketchup maker turns 150 this year". USA Today. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
- ^ a b Tyeson, Cam (3 June 2019). "America Spits In Face Of Sauce Gods By Inventing "Mayocue" & "Mayomust"". Pedestrian TV. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
- ^ a b Meyer, Zlati (26 March 2019). "Heinz turns 150: Some fun facts about the iconic ketchup maker". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
- ^ Morillo, Alexis (2020-02-25). "Heinz Is Reportedly Releasing A Mayoracha Sauce This Year That Combines Mayonnaise And Sriracha In One Handy Bottle". Delish.com. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
- ^ "parsnip". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
- ^ "parsnip". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ "parsnip". Lexico Dictionaries (Powered by Oxford). Archived from the original on 2019-11-06. Retrieved 2019-11-06.
- ^ "parsnip". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "parsnip". Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^ Carroll, Lewis (2009) Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass "Explanatory notes"; Editor: Hunt, Peter. OUP Oxford. p. 283. ISBN 0-19-955829-9 References the Oxford English Dictionary (1530).
- ^ Lewis Carroll, Letter to Maud Standen, December 1877
- ^ "When is a Pinarello not a Pinarello? When it is a Chinarello | Bicycle Business | BikeBiz". www.bikebiz.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-21.
- ^ "dumbfound". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
- ^ "flounder". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
- ^ "flounder". Lexico Dictionaries (Powered by Oxford). Archived from the original on 2019-06-23. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
- ^ "fluff". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
- ^ "fluff". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
- ^ ""Japanglish"". Living Language Expert Forums. Sakura. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
- ^ Mace, Lennie. "JAPANGLISH ジャパングリッシュ dictionary & MORE". Japanglish. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
- ^ "Men's Rights Activists are cave dwelling idiots | British GQ". Archived from the original on 2017-10-20. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
- ^ "Medevac". Merriam-Webster. 9 July 2024.
- ^ "prissy". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
- ^ Maciej Widawski (March 2015). "Forms". African American Slang A Linguistic Description. Cambridge University Press. p. 53. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139696562. ISBN 9781139696562.
- ^ "slimsy". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
- ^ Blain, Virginia (January 2004). "Queer Empathy: or, Reading/Writing the Queer in Victorian Poetry". Literature Compass. 1 (1): **. doi:10.1111/j.1741-4113.2004.00059.x.
- ^ "twirl". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "twirl". Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^ ""TWUNK": Here's What This Word Really Means". Linguaholic.com. 2019-12-06. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
- ^ L. Maki, Justin (2017). "Gay Subculture Identification: Training Counselors to Work With Gay Men". www.counseling.org. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
- ^ MacMillan, Douglas (1 March 2012). "The Rise of the 'Brogrammer'". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
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