Foreign relations of the Netherlands
Part of the Politics series |
Politics portal |
The foreign policy of the Netherlands is based on four basic commitments: to the Atlantic cooperation, to European integration, to international development and to international law. While historically the Kingdom of the Netherlands was a neutral state, since 1945 it has become a member of NATO, the United Nations, the European Union and many other international organizations. The Dutch economy is very open and relies on international trade. During and after the 17th century—its Golden Age—the Dutch built up a commercial and colonial empire. It was a leading shipping and naval power and was often at war with England, its main rival. Its main colonial holding was Indonesia, which fought for and achieved independence after 1945. The historical ties inherited from its colonial past still influence the foreign relations of the Netherlands. Foreign trade policy is handled by the European Union. The Dutch have been active in international peacekeeping roles.
History
[edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2021) |
In the Dutch Golden Age, which had its zenith around 1667, there was a flowering of trade, industry, the arts and the sciences. A rich worldwide Dutch empire developed and the Dutch East India Company became one of the earliest and most important of national mercantile companies based on entrepreneurship and trade.
During the 18th century, the power and wealth of the Netherlands declined. A series of wars with the more powerful British and French neighbors weakened it. Britain seized the North American colony of New Amsterdam, turning it into New York. There was growing unrest and conflict between the Orangists and the Patriots. The French Revolution spilled over after 1789, and a pro-French Batavian Republic was established in 1795–1806. Napoleon made it a satellite state, the Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810), and later simply a French imperial province.
In 1815–1940 it was neutral and played a minor role in world diplomacy, apart from a failed effort to control the seceding Southern provinces that became Belgium before giving up in 1839.[1]
Unlike most European countries, the Netherlands succeeded in remaining neutral throughout The Great War. This approach failed during the Second World War however and the kingdom quickly fell to an unprovoked German invasion in 1940 and would remain under Nazi occupation until being liberated by the allies in 1945. After the war, as a member of the allies, the Netherlands was included in the first class of U.N. members. During the Cold War like most Western European countries, the Dutch aligned with the United States against the Soviet Union, co-founding the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), in 1949.[2][3] The Dutch were also at the forefront of promoting European cooperation and integration during this time period; co-founding the European Coal and Steel Community and becoming one of the European Union's (EU) original members.[4]
European integration
[edit]The Dutch have been strong advocates of European integration, and most aspects of their foreign, economic, and trade policies are coordinated through the European Union (EU). The Dutch postwar customs union with Belgium and Luxembourg (the Benelux group) paved the way for the formation of the European Community (precursor to the EU), of which the Netherlands was a founding member. Likewise, the Benelux abolition of internal border controls was a model for the wider Schengen Accord, which today has 29 European signatories (including the Netherlands) pledged to common visa policies and free movement of people across common borders.
The Dutch stood at the cradle of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty and have been the architects of the Treaty of Amsterdam concluded in 1998. The Dutch have thus played an important role in European political and monetary integration; indeed, until the year 2003, Dutchman Wim Duisenberg headed the European Central Bank. In addition, Dutch financial minister Gerrit Zalm was the main critic of the violation of the Stability and Growth Pact by France and Germany in 2004 and 2005.[5]
Involvement in developing countries
[edit]The Netherlands was the 9th-largest donor country in 2021, giving about $5 billion, about 0.5% of its gross national income (GNI), in official development assistance (ODA).[6] The country contributes through multilateral channels, especially the United Nations Development Programme, the international financial institutions, and EU programs. A large portion of Dutch aid funds is also channeled through private ("co-financing") organizations that have almost total autonomy in choice of projects.[citation needed]
The Netherlands is a member of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which recently initiated economic reforms in central Europe. The Dutch strongly support the Middle East peace process and in 1998 earmarked $29 million in contributions to international donor-coordinated activities for the occupied territories and also for projects in which they worked directly with Palestinian authorities. These projects included improving environmental conditions and support for multilateral programs in cooperation with local non-governmental organizations. In 1998, the Dutch provided significant amounts of aid to the former Yugoslavia and Africa. The Dutch consistently provide significant amounts of humanitarian relief aid to the victims of the worst natural disasters, such as Hurricane Mitch in Central America in 1998, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in South and Southeast Asia, Hurricane Katrina in the United States in 2005, the 2010 Haiti earthquake, and more recent catastrophes in Pakistan and Burma including Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines in 2013, and the 2015 Nepal earthquake.[7]
On 25 April 2022, Vice Minister Schuiling visited Vietnam for promotion of economic cooperation between Netherlands and Vietnam, including the agriculture, water, logistics, energy and high tech sectors.[8]
Export assistance grants
[edit]"Developing countries aspiring to purchase foreign goods and services to invest in, inter alia, port facilities, roads, public transport, health care, or drinking water facilities may be eligible for a special Dutch grant facility. The grant facility, known as ORET (a Dutch acronym for Ontwikkelingsrelevante Exporttransacties, or Development-Related Export) serves to award grants to governments of developing countries for making payments to foreign suppliers."[9]
International organizations
[edit]As a relatively small country, the Netherlands generally pursues its foreign policy interests within the framework of multilateral organizations. The Netherlands is an active and responsible participant in the United Nations system as well as other multilateral organizations such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Trade Organization (WTO),[10] and International Monetary Fund.[11]
The Netherlands is one of the founding members of what today is the European Union. It was one of the first countries to start European integration, through the Benelux in 1944 and the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952. Being a small country with a history of neutrality it was the host country for the important Maastricht Treaty and Amsterdam Treaty and is the seat of the International Court of Justice.[12]
International issues
[edit]The Dutch work with the U.S. and other countries on international programs against drug trafficking and organized crime. The Dutch-U.S. cooperation focuses on joint anti-drug operations in the Caribbean, including an agreement establishing Forward Operating Locations on the Dutch Kingdom islands of Curaçao and Aruba. The Netherlands is a signatory to international counter-narcotics agreements, a member of the United Nations International Drug Control Program, the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs, and is a contributor to international counter-narcotics.
From June 26 until December 22, 2006, two children, Ammar (12–13) and Sara (10–11), lived in the Dutch embassy in Damascus because of a child custody dispute between the Dutch mother, supported by Dutch law and the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, and the Syrian father, supported by Syrian law (Syria is no participant of this convention). The children had been living in Syria since 2004, after an alleged international child abduction by the father from the Netherlands to Syria, during a family contact in which he supposedly would visit Paris with them. The children fled to the embassy because they would like to live with their mother in the Netherlands. Minister of Foreign Affairs Ben Bot traveled to Damascus, negotiated and on December 22 the children finally could return to the Netherlands.
The father claims that the Dutch government has promised not to prosecute him for the abduction. However, a Dutch prosecutor claims that he is free to prosecute the father and may well do that and that the Dutch have only retracted the international request to arrest him outside the Netherlands.[13]
Mark Rutte's government provided materials to the Levant Front rebel group in Syria.[14] In September 2018, the Dutch public prosecution department declared the Levant Front to be a "criminal organisation of terrorist intent", describing it as a "salafist and jihadistic" group that "strives for the setting up of the caliphate".[15]
In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including the Netherlands, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC condemning China's mistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the Xinjiang internment camps.[16][17]
Diplomatic relations
[edit]List of countries which the Netherlands maintains diplomatic relations with:
# | Country | Date |
---|---|---|
1 | United Kingdom | 1 April 1603[18] |
2 | Denmark | 31 March 1605[19] |
3 | Russia | 1613[20] |
4 | Sweden | April 1614[21] |
5 | Portugal | February 1641[22] |
6 | Spain | 29 June 1649[23] |
7 | France | 28 July 1749[24] |
8 | United States | 19 April 1782[25] |
9 | Switzerland | 31 January 1814[26] |
10 | Mexico | 15 June 1827[27] |
11 | Brazil | 20 December 1828[28] |
12 | Colombia | 1 May 1829[29] |
— | Holy See | May 1829[30][31] |
13 | Belgium | 3 August 1839[32] |
14 | Costa Rica | 12 July 1852[33] |
15 | Dominican Republic | 30 November 1853[34] |
16 | Japan | 30 January 1856[35] |
17 | Venezuela | 22 March 1856[36] |
18 | Guatemala | 22 March 1856[37] |
19 | El Salvador | 1857[38] |
20 | Italy | 15 September 1859[39] |
21 | Thailand | 17 December 1860[40] |
22 | Chile | 9 January 1872[41] |
23 | Greece | 1874[42] |
24 | Romania | 12 February 1880[43] |
25 | Iran | 5 January 1883[44] |
26 | Luxembourg | 4 March 1891[45] |
27 | Argentina | 24 January 1896[46] |
28 | Uruguay | 15 April 1896[47][48] |
29 | Serbia | 26 April 1899[49] |
30 | Cuba | 20 May 1902[50] |
31 | Paraguay | 9 November 1903[51] |
32 | Panama | 10 April 1904[52] |
33 | Norway | 4 December 1905[53] |
34 | Bulgaria | 8 July 1909[54] |
35 | Bolivia | 21 July 1911[55] |
36 | Haiti | 21 November 1912[56] |
37 | Finland | 14 August 1918[57] |
38 | Poland | 4 July 1919[58] |
39 | Czech Republic | 13 November 1919[59] |
40 | Peru | 13 May 1921[60] |
41 | Hungary | 1921[61] |
42 | Egypt | 16 November 1922[62] |
43 | Turkey | 22 June 1924[63] |
44 | South Africa | 25 November 1929[64][65] |
45 | Saudi Arabia | 9 June 1930[66] |
46 | Iraq | 10 May 1935[67] |
47 | Canada | 3 January 1939[68] |
48 | Australia | 16 April 1942[69] |
49 | Ireland | 1945[70] |
50 | Iceland | 9 January 1946[71] |
51 | Honduras | 16 March 1946[72] |
52 | Austria | 3 September 1946[73] |
53 | India | 17 April 1947[74] |
54 | New Zealand | 19 June 1947[75] |
55 | Myanmar | 22 December 1947[76] |
56 | Pakistan | July 1948[77] |
57 | Liberia | 3 May 1949[78] |
58 | Indonesia | October 1949[79][80] |
59 | Israel | 16 January 1950[81] |
60 | Lebanon | 12 October 1950[78] |
61 | Ethiopia | 6 November 1950[78] |
62 | Germany | 6 March 1951[82] |
63 | Philippines | 17 May 1951[83] |
64 | Sri Lanka | 23 November 1951[84] |
65 | Jordan | 15 December 1951[85] |
66 | Syria | 24 January 1952[86] |
67 | Libya | 1955[87] |
— | Nicaragua (suspended) | 1955[88] |
68 | Sudan | 15 February 1956[89] |
69 | Afghanistan | 2 August 1956[90] |
70 | Morocco | 1956[91] |
71 | Malaysia | 31 August 1957[92] |
72 | Cambodia | 1957[93] |
73 | Tunisia | 1957[94] |
74 | Ghana | 9 May 1959[95] |
75 | Guinea | 9 March 1960[96] |
76 | Nepal | 2 April 1960[97] |
77 | Somalia | 7 July 1960[98] |
78 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 25 July 1960[99] |
79 | Cyprus | 24 September 1960[100] |
80 | Nigeria | October 1960[101] |
81 | Madagascar | 16 March 1961[101] |
82 | South Korea | 4 April 1961[102] |
83 | Republic of the Congo | 3 August 1961[103] |
84 | Gabon | 24 August 1961[104] |
85 | Togo | 5 October 1961[105] |
86 | Senegal | 7 November 1961[103] |
87 | Cameroon | 2 December 1961[103] |
88 | Burkina Faso | 14 December 1961[104] |
89 | Niger | 20 December 1961[103] |
90 | Benin | 26 December 1961[104] |
91 | Ivory Coast | 9 January 1962[103] |
92 | Sierra Leone | 22 February 1962[105] |
93 | Mauritania | 9 March 1962[103] |
94 | Tanzania | 31 March 1962[103] |
95 | Chad | 7 May 1962[103] |
96 | Burundi | 4 July 1962[106] |
97 | Jamaica | 2 August 1962[107] |
98 | Trinidad and Tobago | 19 October 1962[108] |
99 | Algeria | October 1962[109] |
100 | Kenya | 3 February 1964[110] |
101 | Mali | 11 July 1964[111] |
102 | Rwanda | 1 October 1964[112] |
103 | Kuwait | 1964[113] |
104 | Malta | 6 October 1965[114] |
105 | Zambia | 2 November 1965[115] |
106 | Singapore | 7 December 1965[116] |
107 | Central African Republic | 10 December 1965[117] |
108 | Malawi | 16 December 1965[118] |
109 | Uganda | 1965[119] |
110 | Gambia | 1 August 1966[120] |
111 | Monaco | 29 August 1966[121] |
112 | Botswana | 10 August 1967[122] |
113 | Lesotho | 22 February 1968[123] |
114 | Eswatini | 1968[124] |
115 | Mauritius | 5 March 1969[125] |
116 | Barbados | 12 December 1969[126] |
117 | Equatorial Guinea | 1969[127] |
118 | Guyana | 15 May 1970[128] |
119 | Albania | 17 November 1970[129] |
120 | Yemen | 5 October 1971[130] |
121 | Oman | 1 January 1972[131] |
122 | Bangladesh | 11 February 1972[132] |
123 | Fiji | February 1972[133] |
124 | Mongolia | 6 March 1972[134] |
125 | Bahrain | 2 May 1972[135] |
126 | United Arab Emirates | 6 May 1972[136] |
127 | China | 18 May 1972[137] |
128 | Qatar | 15 June 1972[138] |
129 | Vietnam | 9 April 1973[139] |
130 | Bahamas | 28 March 1974[140] |
131 | Mozambique | 25 June 1975[141] |
132 | Guinea-Bissau | 13 August 1975[142] |
133 | Tonga | 4 November 1975[143] |
134 | Laos | 17 November 1975[144] |
135 | Suriname | 25 November 1975[145] |
136 | Angola | 18 February 1976[146] |
137 | Samoa | 13 April 1976[147] |
138 | Papua New Guinea | 25 August 1976[148] |
139 | Cape Verde | 20 November 1976[149] |
140 | Seychelles | 18 January 1977[150] |
141 | Comoros | 21 February 1977[151] |
142 | Maldives | 3 September 1979[152] |
143 | Zimbabwe | 18 April 1980[153] |
144 | Kiribati | 6 June 1980[154] |
145 | Dominica | 1980[155] |
146 | Saint Lucia | 1980[156] |
147 | Djibouti | 10 February 1981[157] |
148 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 8 April 1981[158] |
149 | Solomon Islands | 1 February 1982[159] |
150 | Vanuatu | 9 March 1982[160] |
151 | Antigua and Barbuda | 11 May 1982[161] |
152 | Nauru | 1982[162] |
153 | Brunei | 27 April 1985[163] |
154 | Bhutan | 10 June 1985[164] |
155 | Belize | 13 April 1987[165] |
156 | Namibia | 23 April 1990[166] |
157 | Latvia | 24 September 1991[167] |
158 | Estonia | 21 October 1991[168] |
159 | Lithuania | 3 December 1991[169] |
160 | Slovenia | 24 January 1992[170] |
161 | Armenia | 30 January 1992[171] |
162 | Croatia | 11 February 1992[172] |
163 | Belarus | 24 March 1992[173] |
164 | Azerbaijan | 1 April 1992[174] |
165 | Ukraine | 1 April 1992[175] |
166 | Georgia | 22 April 1992[176] |
167 | Turkmenistan | 20 May 1992[177] |
168 | Kyrgyzstan | 10 June 1992[178] |
169 | Tajikistan | 27 July 1992[179] |
170 | Kazakhstan | 10 September 1992[180] |
171 | Uzbekistan | 24 November 1992[181] |
172 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 15 December 1992[182] |
173 | Slovakia | 1 January 1993[183] |
174 | Marshall Islands | 2 March 1993[184] |
175 | Moldova | 10 July 1993[185] |
176 | Andorra | 14 December 1993[186] |
177 | North Macedonia | 16 December 1993[187] |
178 | Liechtenstein | 25 April 1994[188] |
179 | Eritrea | 15 July 1994[189] |
180 | San Marino | 1995[190] |
181 | Federated States of Micronesia | 15 April 1996[191] |
182 | Palau | 21 April 1997[192] |
183 | North Korea | 15 December 2000[193] |
184 | East Timor | 17 November 2003[194] |
185 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | March 2004[195] |
186 | Montenegro | 8 September 2006[196] |
— | Kosovo | 27 June 2008[197] |
— | Cook Islands | 16 August 2011[198] |
187 | South Sudan | 9 September 2011[199] |
188 | Ecuador | Unknown |
189 | Grenada | Unknown |
190 | São Tomé and Príncipe | Unknown |
191 | Tuvalu | Unknown |
Bilateral relations
[edit]Africa
[edit]Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Burkina Faso | 14 December 1961 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December 1961[104] |
Comoros | ||
Egypt | 16 November 1922 | See Egypt–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 November 1922 when Mr. J. P. graaf van Limburg Stirum was accredited as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Netherlands to Egypt.[204]
|
Ethiopia | 6 November 1950 | See Ethiopia–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 November 1950[78]
|
Ivory Coast | 9 January 1962 | See Ivory Coast–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 January 1962[103]
|
Kenya | 3 February 1964 | See Kenya–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1964[110]
|
Liberia | 3 May 1949 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 May 1949.[78] Also both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 March 1936 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Liberia to the Netherlands Baron Otto van den Bogaerde van Terbrugge.[205] |
Mauritania | 9 March 1962 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 March 1962[103] |
Morocco | See Morocco–Netherlands relations
| |
South Africa | See Netherlands–South Africa relations
|
Americas
[edit]Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Argentina | 24 January 1896 | See Argentina–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 January 1896.[210]
|
Bolivia | 21 July 1911 | See Bolivia–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 July 1911.[213][55]
|
Brazil | See Brazil–Netherlands relations
| |
Canada | 3 January 1939 | See Canada–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 January 1939[216] Canada has an embassy in The Hague and the Netherlands has one in Ottawa, and three Consulates-General in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Canada and the Netherlands have worked closely together on many foreign issues and enjoy an especially close relationship. To foster business and commercial relations between the Netherlands and Canada, the Dutch business community set up the Netherlands-Canadian Chamber of Commerce.[217] They are both members of the United Nations (and its Specialized Agencies), the World Trade Organization, and Interpol; they are both founding members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), and the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe. Canada and the Netherlands also work together on such issues as the prohibition and elimination of anti-personnel mines, the control of the proliferation of small arms and light weapons, eradicating the worst forms of child labour, the provision of rapid reaction peacekeeping forces to the United Nations (SHIRBRIG) and regional security issues such as Bosnia (SFOR) and Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE). |
Chile | 10 June 1872 | See Chile–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1872.[220]
|
Colombia | 1829 | See Colombia–Netherlands relations
Relations between Colombia and the Netherlands were established in 1829.
|
Costa Rica | 12 July 1852 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 July 1852.[223]
|
Cuba | 20 May 1902 | See Cuba–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 May 1902.[224]
|
Dominica |
| |
Dominican Republic | 18 March 1892 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 March 1892[227]
|
El Salvador |
| |
Guyana | 15 May 1970 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 1970.[228] Guyana was made up of three former Dutch colonies: (Berbice, Demerara and Essequibo (colony)) which were brought together by the British and renamed collectively British Guiana. |
Honduras | 16 May 1946 | See Honduras–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 May 1946 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Netherlands to Hohduras with residence in Guatemala Mr. G. M. Bijvanck.[229]
|
Mexico | 16 June 1828 | See Mexico–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 June 1828.[230][non-primary source needed] On September 27, 1993, the Netherlands Ministry of Finance announced The Netherlands – Mexico Tax Treaty and Protocol. The regulations detail the formalities residents of the Netherlands must observe "in order to be exempt from, or obtain a refund of, the Mexican withholding taxes on dividends, interest and royalties."[231] In 2008 Mexico and the Netherlands modified their existing tax treaty, initially signed in 1993 to strength cooperation to curb tax evasion.[232][233]
|
Peru | See Netherlands–Peru relations
| |
Suriname | 1975-25-11 | See Netherlands–Suriname relations
|
United States | 19 April 1782 | See Netherlands–United States relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 April 1782[238] The bilateral relations between the two nations are based on historical and cultural ties as well as a common dedication to individual freedom and human rights. The Netherlands shares with the United States a liberal economic outlook and is committed to free trade. The Netherlands is the third-largest direct foreign investor in the United States,[239] and Dutch holding companies employ more than 650,000 Americans.[240] The United States is the third-largest direct foreign investor in the Netherlands. The United States and the Netherlands often have similar positions on issues and work together both bilaterally and multilaterally in such institutions as the United Nations and NATO. The Dutch have worked with the United States at the World Trade Organization, in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, as well as within the European Union to advance the shared U.S. goal of a more open and market-led global economy. The United States and the Netherlands joined NATO as charter members in 1949. The Dutch were allies with the United States in the Korean War and the first Gulf War and have been active in global peacekeeping efforts in the former Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Iraq. Netherlands also support and participate in NATO and EU training efforts in Iraq. They are active participants in the International Security Assistance Force and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.
|
Uruguay | 15 April 1896 | See Netherlands–Uruguay relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 April 1896[47][243] |
Venezuela | See Netherlands–Venezuela relations
|
Asia
[edit]Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Afghanistan | 2 August 1956 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 August 1956 when first Envoy of Afgnanistan Dr. Sardir Najib-Ullah Khan presented his credentials to Queen of the Netherlands.[90] |
Armenia | 30 January 1992 | See Armenia–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 January 1992.[248]
|
Azerbaijan | 1 April 1992 | See Azerbaijan–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1992.[252]
|
Bangladesh | 1971-01-04 | See Bangladesh–Netherlands relations
|
Bhutan | 10 June 1985 | See Foreign relations of Bhutan
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1985[253]
|
China | 18 May 1972[254] | See China–Netherlands relations |
Georgia | 22 April 1992 | See Georgia–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 April 1992.[255] |
India | 17 April 1947 | See India–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 April 1947[256] |
Indonesia | See Indonesia–Netherlands relations | |
Iran | 5 January 1883 | See Iran–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 January 1883 when Mirza Jawad Khan, Persian Minister in Belgium, was also accredited to the Netherlands.[259][260]
|
Iraq | 10 May 1935 | See Iraq–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1935 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Netherlands to Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) C. Adriaanse also to Iraq.[67] |
Israel | 1949 | See Israel–Netherlands relations
In 1947, the Netherlands voted in favor of the United Nations Resolution 181. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1949.[261] |
Japan | 1609 | See Japan–Netherlands relations
Relations between Japan and the Netherlands date back to 1609, when the first formal trade relations were established.[264][265] The relations between Japan and the Netherlands after 1945 have been a triangular relationship. The invasion and occupation of the Netherlands East Indies during World War II, brought about the destruction of the colonial state in Indonesia, as the Japanese removed as much of the Dutch government as they could, weakening the post war grip the Netherlands had over the territory. Under pressure from the United States, the Netherlands recognised Indonesian sovereignty in 1949 (see United States of Indonesia). |
Kazakhstan | 10 September 1992 | See Kazakhstan–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 September 1992.[266] The Netherlands is Kazakhstan's largest foreign investor and the second largest European Union partner in terms of foreign trade turnover with Kazakhstan.[267]
|
Kyrgyzstan |
| |
Malaysia | 31 August 1957 | See Malaysia–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 August 1957.[268] The Dutch involvement in the Malay Peninsula used to be much more extensive than it is now. The Dutch established relations with the Sultanate of Johor in the early 17th century, and in 1641 they captured the Portuguese colony of Malacca (on the south-eastern coast of today's Peninsular Malaysia). With a long interruption during the Napoleonic Wars, the Dutch Malacca era lasted until 1824. In the 20th century, the Netherlands established diplomatic relations with Malaysia soon after the Asian state became independent. The erudite Dutch Sinologist and author Robert van Gulik (who was raised in the former Dutch East Indies himself) served as the ambassador of the Netherlands in Kuala Lumpur in the early 1960s. During his diplomatic service there he became closely acquainted with Malaysia's gibbons (he kept a few in his ambassadorial residence) and became sufficiently interested in this ape species to start the study of its role in ancient Chinese culture, the results of which he later published in his last book (Gibbon in China).[269]
|
Oman | See Foreign relations of Oman
| |
Pakistan | 1947-15-8 | See Netherlands–Pakistan relations |
Philippines | 20 May 1947 | See Netherlands–Philippines relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 May 1947.[270]
|
Saudi Arabia | 9 June 1930 | See Netherlands–Saudi Arabia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1930 when first the Netherlands Chargé d'Affaires, M. Van de Meulen, presented letters of credence to King Ibn Saud.[66]
|
Singapore | 7 December 1965 | See Netherlands–Singapore relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 December 1965.[271]
|
South Korea | 1961-01-04[272] | See Netherlands–South Korea relations
The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and the Kingdom of the Netherlands began on April 1, 1961.
|
Syria | 24 January 1952 | See Netherlands–Syria relations |
Taiwan | See Netherlands–Taiwan relations | |
Turkey | 1612 | See Netherlands–Turkey relations
|
Turkmenistan |
| |
United Arab Emirates | ||
Vietnam |
|
Europe
[edit]Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Albania | 17 November 1970 | See Albania–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 November 1970[129] |
Austria | See Austria–Netherlands relations
| |
Belarus | 24 March 1992 | See Belarus–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 March 1992[282]
|
Belgium | 3 August 1839 | See Belgium–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1839.[32] Relations were established after the independence of Belgium. Both nations are allies and have cultural similarities. |
Bosnia & Herzegovina | 15 December 1992 | See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1992[285]
|
Bulgaria | See Bulgaria–Netherlands relations | |
Croatia | 11 February 1992 | See Croatia–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1992.[288]
|
Cyprus | See Cyprus–Netherlands relations
| |
Czech Republic | 13 November 1919 | See Czech Republic–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 November 1919[289]
|
Denmark | See Denmark – Netherlands relations
| |
Finland | 14 August 1918 | See Finland–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 August 1918[292]
|
France | See France–Netherlands relations
| |
Germany | 1871 | See Germany–Netherlands relations
|
Greece | See Greece–Netherlands relations
| |
Hungary | See Hungary–Netherlands relations
| |
Iceland | 9 January 1946 | See Iceland–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 January 1946[297] |
Ireland | See Ireland–Netherlands relations
| |
Latvia | 24 September 1991 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 September 1991.[302]
|
Lithuania | 3 December 1991 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 December 1991.[303]
|
Luxembourg |
| |
Malta |
| |
Moldova | 10 July 1992 | See Moldova–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1992[304]
|
Montenegro | ||
Poland | 4 July 1919 | See Netherlands–Poland relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 July 1919[305]
|
Portugal | See Netherlands–Portugal relations
| |
Romania | 12 February 1880 | See Netherlands–Romania relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 February 1880[306]
|
Russia | See Netherlands–Russia relations
Both countries were establishment of diplomatic relations in 1991 after the fall of the Soviet Union. Peter the Great studied in Holland. During the Cold War, all the Dutch consecutive governments perceived the Warsaw pact including the Soviet Union and Russia as a threat to its safety.
| |
Serbia | 1899-04-26 |
|
Slovakia | 1993-01-01 | See Netherlands–Slovakia relations
|
Slovenia | 1991-06-25 | See Netherlands–Slovenia relations |
Spain | See Netherlands–Spain relations
| |
Sweden | See Netherlands–Sweden relations
| |
Switzerland |
| |
Ukraine | 1 April 1992 | See Netherlands–Ukraine relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1992[312] |
United Kingdom | 1 April 1603 | See Netherlands–United Kingdom relations
The UK established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 1 April 1603.[18]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,[315] Council of Europe, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization. |
Oceania
[edit]Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Australia | 31 January 1942 | See Australia–Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 1942.[316] |
New Zealand | 19 June 1947 | See Netherlands–New Zealand relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 June 1947.[317]
|
Solomon Islands | 1 February 1982 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 1982[318] |
Vanuatu |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ A. Vandenbosch, Dutch Foreign Policy since 1815 (1959).
- ^ Cees Wiebes and Bert Zeeman, "The Pentagon Negotiations March 1948: The Launching of the North Atlantic Treaty." International Affairs 59.3 (1983): 351-363.
- ^ "A short history of NATO". NATO. Archived from the original on March 26, 2017. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
- ^ "A peaceful Europe – the beginnings of cooperation". European Commission. Archived from the original on July 26, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
- ^ "Colourful money man". POLITICO. June 23, 2004. Archived from the original on September 24, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
- ^ "Donor Profile: Netherlands". donortracker.org. Archived from the original on June 12, 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
- ^ "All Past Emergencies and Disasters". Canadian Red Cross. Archived from the original on April 19, 2022. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (April 25, 2022). "Vice Minister Schuiling's visit to Vietnam: Strengthening Vietnam - Netherlands sustainable trade and investment - News item - Netherlandsandyou.nl". www.netherlandsandyou.nl. Archived from the original on May 22, 2022. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ ORET flyer Archived April 4, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, via Google Docs. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
- ^ "WTO | Netherlands - Member information". www.wto.org. Archived from the original on August 10, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
- ^ "Kingdom of the Netherlands—The Netherlands and the IMF". IMF. Archived from the original on August 10, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
- ^ "International Court of Justice: Practical Information". Archived from the original on July 21, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
- ^ See also NL: Ammar en Sara (in Dutch)
- ^ "Dutch govt under fire for Syria opposition support". MSN. September 11, 2018. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
- ^ "Dutch funded 'jihadist' group in Syria, terror trial may now falter". Dutch News. September 11, 2018. Archived from the original on May 8, 2023. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
- ^ "Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies?". The Diplomat. July 15, 2019. Archived from the original on July 16, 2019. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
- ^ "More than 20 ambassadors condemn China's treatment of Uighurs in Xinjiang". The Guardian. July 11, 2019. Archived from the original on December 13, 2019. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
- ^ a b Bell, Gary M. (1995). A Handlist of British Diplomatic Representatives: 1509-1688. Cambridge University Press. pp. 194, 221, 275 and 283. ISBN 0521283221.
- ^ "Fragment OVT 27 maart 2005 uur 1 (7 min.) - Betrekkingen tussen Nederland en Denemarken 400 jaar". VPRO (in Dutch). p. nl. Archived from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved September 1, 2019.
- ^ "The history of relations between Russia and the Netherlands goes back centuries to when they launched economic cooperation". Facebook. July 10, 2020. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved September 4, 2023.
- ^ "Appointment of ambassador for the Netherlands 1614". April 9, 2014. Archived from the original on January 6, 2024. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
- ^ "Países" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on June 18, 2022. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
- ^ J. & P. Lefèvre, Inventaire des Archives de l'Ambassade d'Espagne à la Haye (1932; reprinted Brussels, 1991), p. 80.
- ^ Dictionnaire genealogique, heraldique, chronologique et historique... (in French). Vol. II. 1757. p. 407.
- ^ "All Countries". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 14, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
- ^ "Inventaris van het archief van het Nederlandse Gezantschap in Zwitserland, (1912) 1914-1954 (1955)" (in Dutch). p. 9. Archived from the original on January 6, 2024. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
- ^ Estudios monográficos. Dirección General de Documentación e Informe Presidencial. 1973. p. 130.
- ^ British and Foreign State Papers. Vol. 43. H.M. Stationery Office. 1865. p. 778.
- ^ Colección de tratados públicos, convenciones y declaraciones diplomáticas de los Estados Unidos de Colombia (in Spanish). 1866. p. 60.
- ^ "Diplomatic relations of the Holy See". Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
- ^ "Nunciature to Netherlands". Archived from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
- ^ a b Almanach royal de Belgique Classé Et Mis En Ordre Par H. Tarlier (in French). Librairie polytechnique. 1845. p. 13. Archived from the original on November 4, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
- ^ "Política Bilateral" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
- ^ Mario J. Gallego, Cosme (2014). "CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO E INTERNACIONAL DE LAS RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA CON ESPAÑA DURANTE LA SEGUNDA MITAD DEL SIGLO XIX1" (PDF) (in Spanish): 5–6. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2024. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Japan, ed. (1874). Treaties and Conventions concluded between Empire of Japan and Foreign Nations, together with Regulations and Communications 1854-1874. Tokyo: Nisshu-sha Printing Office. pp. table of contents. Archived from the original on February 4, 2024. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
- ^ Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por el titular despacho (in Spanish). Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2003. pp. 528–529.
- ^ "Relaciones Diplomáticas de Guatemala" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on April 9, 2024. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
- ^ "REGISTRO DE FECHAS DE ESTABLECIMIENTO DE RD" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
- ^ Annuario diplomatico del Regno d'Italia ... (in Italian). Italia : Ministero degli affari esteri. 1886. p. 56. Archived from the original on November 4, 2023. Retrieved October 26, 2023.
- ^ "อื่นๆ" (in Thai). Archived from the original on July 25, 2023. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
- ^ Memoria del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). 1874. p. 861.
- ^ "GREECE LIBERATED". Archived from the original on January 6, 2024. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministerul Afacerilor Externe. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
- ^ Bescheiden betreffende de buitenlandse politiek van Nederland, 1848-1919 tweede periode 1871-1898 · Issue 122 (in Dutch). M. Nijhoff. 1967. p. 425.
- ^ P. Ruppert (1892). Le grand-duché de Luxembourg dans ses relations internationales (in French). la cour V. Bück, L. Bück successeur. Archived from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
- ^ Memoria (in Spanish). Argentina. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto. 2011. p. 473.
- ^ a b Almanach de Gotha (in French). Gotha, Germany : Justus Perthes. 1898. p. 1334.
- ^ Registro oficial colección de leyes, decretos y demás documentos públicos ... (in Spanish). 1892. p. 65.
- ^ "Serbia-Netherlands Bilateral Political Relations". mfa.gov.yu. Government of Yugoslavia/Serbia. Archived from the original on October 9, 2007.
- ^ "Memoria anual 2015" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2015. pp. 19–25. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 7, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
- ^ Yegros, Ricardo Scavone (2011). Representantes Diplomáticos Paraguayos : nómina de los jefes de Misiones Diplomáticas de la República del Paraguay (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2023.
- ^ "RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ" (PDF). p. 195. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 6, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
- ^ "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). April 27, 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
- ^ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
- ^ a b Staatsalmanak voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden (in Dutch). Netherlands Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken , Netherlands. 1913. p. 49. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
- ^ Almanach de Gotha (in French). Gotha, Germany : Justus Perthes. 1914. p. 1055. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
- ^ "Countries and regions A–Z". Archived from the original on March 30, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
- ^ "Polska w Holandii: Współpraca polityczna" (in Polish). Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
- ^ "Czech-Dutch Bilateral Relations". Archived from the original on May 29, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
- ^ Discursos y documentos oficiales en el primer centenario de la independencia nacional, MCMXXI (in Spanish). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 1921. p. 167. Archived from the original on August 15, 2023. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
- ^ "Dutch-Hungarian relations date back centuries". Archived from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
- ^ "Buitenlandse Politiek van Nederland 1848-1945" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on October 22, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
- ^ "Büyükelçilik Tarihi ve Önceki Büyükelçilerimiz" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
- ^ Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa. Vol. 8. NASOU. 1973. p. 179.
- ^ "Inventaris van het archief van het Nederlandse Gezantschap, later ambassade in Zuid-Afrika (Pretoria), (1910) 1930-1954 (1955) en Consulaat in Pretoria (Zuid-Afrika), 1941-1946" (in Dutch). p. 21. Archived from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
- ^ a b British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print From the First to the Second World War. Series B, Turkey, Iran, and the Middle East, 1918-1939 · Volume 7. University Publications of America. 1986. p. 12.
- ^ a b Rijks geschiedkundige publicatiën Groote serie · Volume 234 (in Dutch). 1994. p. 495.
- ^ Linwood, DeLong (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Archived from the original on June 7, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ "80 years of diplomatic relations Netherlands-Australia". March 11, 2022. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
- ^ "Netherlands - Irish Relations". Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
- ^ "Iceland - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Government of Iceland. Archived from the original on October 1, 2022. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
- ^ British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Latin America, January 1950-December 1950. University Publications of America. 2003. p. 525.
- ^ "Inventaris van het archief van het Nederlandse Consulaat-Generaal en Militaire Missie te Wenen (Oostenrijk), 1939-1954" (in Dutch). p. 7. Archived from the original on January 6, 2024. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
- ^ Indian Information Volume 20. 1947. 1947. p. 406. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
- ^ "Minister of the Netherlands at Wellington appointed" (PDF). The New Zealand Gazette. September 18, 1947. p. 1349. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 17, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on July 12, 2023. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
- ^ "Netherlands, Pakistan celebrate 75 years of diplomatic relations". July 11, 2023. Archived from the original on January 6, 2024. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Rechtsgeleerd magazin Themis (in Dutch). Tjeenk Willink. 1953. p. 388.
- ^ "2.05.189 Inventaris van het archief van het Hoge Commissariaat van Nederland in Indonesië (Jakarta)" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on January 6, 2024. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
- ^ Fennema; Rhijnsburger (2007). Dr. Hans Max Hirschfeld: man van het grote geld (in Dutch). Bert Bakker. p. 235.
- ^ "Netherlands Government Announces Extension of De Jure Recognition to Israel". Jewish News Archive. January 17, 1950. Archived from the original on April 6, 2012. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
- ^ "Länder" (in German). Archived from the original on July 23, 2023. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
- ^ "The Republic of the Philippines and Netherlands celebrate 72 years of formal diplomatic relations". May 18, 2023. Archived from the original on July 31, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
- ^ Verslag der handelingen der Staten-Generaal Part 2, Volume 1 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Staten-Generaal. Eerste Kamer. 1951. p. 21.
- ^ British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Arabia, The Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Jordan and General, 1952. LexisNexis. 2006. p. 311.
- ^ "2.05.206 Inventaris van het archief van het Nederlandse Gezantschap , later de Ambassade in Libië" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on January 9, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
- ^ "2.05.168 Inventaris van het archief van het Nederlandse Gezantschap, later Ambassade in Costa Rica, 1954-1974" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
- ^ Sudan Almanac. Republic of the Sudan. 1957. p. 27.
- ^ a b Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1956. p. 120.
- ^ "Inventaris van het archief van het Nederlandse Gezantschap, later de Ambassade en Consulaten in Marokko, 1940-1979" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
- ^ "Inventaris van het archief van het Nederlandse Gezantschap, later de Ambassade in Maleisië, 1957- 1965" (in Dutch). May 2, 2009. p. 18. Archived from the original on September 3, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
- ^ "2.05.155 Inventaris van het archief van het Nederlandse Gezantschap, later de Ambassade in Cambodja, 1957-1974" (in Dutch). p. 7. Archived from the original on January 6, 2024. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
- ^ "2.05.258 Inventaris van het archief van het Nederlandse Consulaat, later de Ambassade in Tunesië, 1955-1974" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on January 8, 2024. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
- ^ "AMSTERDAM van DAG tot DAG Feestelijke opening N.V. Fijnhouthandel". NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). May 8, 1959. Archived from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
Z.K.H. Prins Bernhard heeft vanmorgen jn tegenwoordigheid van de Hoge Commissaris van Ghana, Z.E. Asafu Adjay...
- ^ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1960. p. 160.
- ^ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
- ^ "Our Diplomatic Relations". Government of Somalia. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2022.
- ^ "Pragmatische koloniale bondgenoten" (PDF). studenttheses.uu.nl (in Dutch). p. 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 29, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
- ^ "Inventaris van het archief van het Nederlandse Gezantschap, later de Ambassade op Cyprus, 1955- 1964" (in Dutch). p. 8. Archived from the original on December 2, 2023. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ a b Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1960. p. 103.
- ^ "Countries & Regions". Archived from the original on May 24, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 69-72 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1961. p. 98.
- ^ a b c d Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 69-72 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1961. p. 97.
- ^ a b Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 69-72 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1961. p. 99.
- ^ "L'établissement de liens diplomatiques avec le Burundi date du 04/07/1962". April 26, 2022. Archived from the original on September 19, 2023. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
- ^ "Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations". April 16, 2021. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- ^ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 73-75 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1962. p. 74.
- ^ "60th Anniversary of establishment of diplomatic relations: Algerian President Tebboune, Netherlands PM hold phone talks". October 18, 2022. Archived from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
- ^ a b Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1963. p. 114.
- ^ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1964. p. 123.
- ^ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1964. p. 124.
- ^ "KUNA : Dutch diplomat lauds strong Dutch-Kuwaiti relations". February 21, 2018. Archived from the original on December 25, 2023. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
- ^ The Malta Year Book. St. Michael's College Publications. 1969. p. 155.
- ^ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken, Volumes 78-80 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1965. p. 125.
- ^ "Diplomatic & consular list". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
- ^ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken, Volumes 78-80 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1965. p. 123.
- ^ Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1999. p. 161.
- ^ "2.05.200 Inventaris van het archief van de Nederlandse Ambassade in Kenya, 1965-1974" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on January 7, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
- ^ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 78-80 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1965. p. 146.
- ^ "Rapport de Politique Extérieure 2007" (in French). p. 44. Archived from the original on July 18, 2023. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
- ^ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 86-90 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1967. p. 152.
- ^ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 86-90 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1967. p. 153.
- ^ "2.05.262 Inventaris van het archief van de Nederlandse Ambassade in het Verenigd Koninkrijk, 1955-1974" (in Dutch). p. 26. Archived from the original on January 8, 2024. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
- ^ Mauritius Directory of the Diplomatic Corps; High Commissions, Embassies, Consulates, International Organization[s]. Mauritius. Ministry of External Affairs, Tourism, and Emigration. 1970. p. 46.
- ^ "LIST OF COUNTRIES WITH WHICH BARBADOS HAS DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BY REGIONS". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade (Barbados). Archived from the original on August 13, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
- ^ "2.05.471 Inventaris van het archief van de Nederlandse diplomatieke vertegenwoordiging in Kameroen, (1965) 1980-2011" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on January 8, 2024. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
- ^ "Diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on February 16, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
- ^ a b "Relations between Albania and the Kingdom of Netherlands". Republic of Albania Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on May 29, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
- ^ ARR Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1971. p. 543.
- ^ Joseph A. Kechichian. "Countries with which Oman has diplomatic relations" (PDF). Oman and the World The emergence of an independent foreign policy. p. 321. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 22, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
- ^ "Bangladesh-Netherlands bilateral relations". Archived from the original on January 6, 2024. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
- ^ "Formal diplomatic relations list" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 27, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
- ^ "List of Countries Maintaining Diplomatic Relations with Mongolia" (PDF). p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2022. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
- ^ "Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on May 5, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2023.
- ^ ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1972. p. 241.
- ^ "50th Anniversary of Sino-Dutch Diplomatic Relations". Diplomat Magazine. Archived from the original on December 28, 2023. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
- ^ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1972. p. 110.
Mr. De Hoop Scheffer heeft aan de President van de Verenigde Arabische Emiraten en de Emir van Qatar inmiddels zijn geloofsbrieven overhandigd , resp . op 24 mei en 15 juni 1972 .
- ^ "Europe". April 2010. Archived from the original on April 29, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
- ^ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1974. p. 105.
- ^ Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 4866-4942. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1975. p. 8.
- ^ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken 1975-1976 (in Dutch).
Op 13 augustus 1975 heeft Hr . Ms. Ambassadeur te Dakar , in zijn hoedanigheid van Hr . Ms. Ambassadeur in de Republiek Guinee - Bissau , zijn geloofsbrieven overhan- digd aan de President van de in 1974 officieel...
- ^ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken (in Dutch). Netherlands, Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1975–1976.
Op 4 november 1975 vond te Nuku'alofa de feestelijke herdenking plaats van het honderdjarig bestaan van de Grondwet van...
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Laos. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
- ^ "Lijst van Diplomatieke Betrekkingen en Visum-afschaffingsovereenkomsten" (PDF). gov.sr (in Dutch). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 16, 2019. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
- ^ "Relações Diplomáticas". mirex.gov.ao (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on November 24, 2021. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
- ^ "Countries with Established Diplomatic Relations with Samoa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade – Samoa. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2018.
- ^ Guidelines of the Foreign Policy of Papua New Guinea: Universalism. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Papua New Guinea. 1976. p. 55.
- ^ Muzart-Fonseca dos Santos, Idelette; Manuel Da Costa Esteves, José; Rolland, Denis (2007). Les îles du Cap-Vert: langues, mémoires, histoire (in French). L'Harmattan. pp. 239–240.
- ^ "German Ambassador to Seychelles pays Farewell Call on President Faure". June 13, 2018. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ Afrique nouvelle Issues 1436-1460 (in French). 1977. p. 7.
Les Comores et les Pays- Bas ont décidé depuis le 21 février d'établir des rela- tions diplomatiques au ni- veau d'ambassadeurs.
- ^ "Countries with which the Republic of Maldives has established Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Maldives. May 11, 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
- ^ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken 1979-1980 (in Dutch). 1980. p. 114.
- ^ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1979. p. 98.
- ^ "NEW NETHERLANDS AMBASSADOR TO DOMINICA". January 24, 2022. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
- ^ "List of countries with which Saint Lucia has established Diplomatic Relations". Archived from the original on July 16, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
- ^ Le Mois en Afrique - Issues 180-185 (in French). 1981. p. 155.
- ^ "Diplomatic and Consular List" (PDF). pp. 104–112. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
- ^ Briefing Notes for Minister of Foreign Affairs, The Rt. Honourable Sir Peter Kenilorea. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Solomon Islands. 1988. p. 32.
- ^ "Vanuatu Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). mfaicet.gov.vu. p. 49. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2024. Retrieved September 25, 2024.
- ^ Government of Antigua and Barbuda. "Chronology of Antigua and Barbudas Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on January 17, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
- ^ "Nauru Bulletin" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 26, 2023. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ Brunei Darussalam. Broadcasting and Information Department, Prime Minister's Office. 1985. p. 21.
- ^ "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bhutan. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 30, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
- ^ "Ambassador of Namibia presents credentials to the Netherlands and Luxembourg". November 2, 2016. Archived from the original on February 1, 2024. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
- ^ "Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations". mfa.gov.lv. July 1, 2021. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022.
- ^ "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia" (in Estonian). January 30, 2018. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
- ^ "List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
- ^ Đogić, Mojca Pristavec (September 2016). "Priznanja samostojne Slovenije" (PDF) (in Slovenian). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 26, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
- ^ "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
- ^ "Bilateral relations - Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2022.
- ^ "Political contacts". Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
- ^ "Foreign policy - bilateral relations". Archived from the original on August 3, 2022. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
- ^ "European countries". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. Archived from the original on July 20, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
- ^ "Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ "STATES WITH WHICH TURKMENISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Archived from the original on May 8, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2022.
- ^ "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения" (in Russian). Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
- ^ "LIST OF STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 3, 2023. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
- ^ "Страны, установившие дипломатические отношения с Республикой Казахстан" (in Russian). Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
- ^ "STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Archived from the original on July 19, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
- ^ "Datumi priznanja i uspostave diplomatskih odnosa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina (in Bosnian). 2022. Archived from the original on May 11, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^ "Štáty a teritóriá" (in Slovak). Archived from the original on May 26, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
- ^ "LISTING OF ALL COUNTRIES WHICH HAVE ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH THE REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS (As of 13 February 2019)". Archived from the original on July 18, 2023. Retrieved September 3, 2023.
- ^ "Bilateral relations". MFA Moldova. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
- ^ "Diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Andorra. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
- ^ "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
- ^ "Akkreditierung von vier Botschaftern". Liechtensteiner Volksblatt (in German). April 26, 1994. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
- ^ Eritrea Update. Provisional Government of Eritrea (EPLF), Mission to the USA and Canada. 1992.
- ^ "Nederlandse diplomatieke vertegenwoordiging in Italië te Rome en consulaat-generaal in Italië te Milaan" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
Nederland heeft sinds 1995 diplomatieke betrekkingen met San Marino.
- ^ "FSM Diplomatic Relations List". Government of the Federated States of Micronesia. Archived from the original on April 25, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
- ^ "Countries with which Palau has Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 17, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
- ^ "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). NCNK. 2016. pp. 8–9. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2022.
- ^ "Diplomatic missions - Accredited Embassies to Timor-Leste from overseas". Archived from the original on October 13, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
- ^ "Two New Diplomats for Saint Lucia". March 23, 2004. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved July 15, 2023.
- ^ "Tabela priznanja i uspostavljanja diplomatskih odnosa". Montenegro Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- ^ Gëzim Visoka (2018). Acting Like a State: Kosovo and the Everyday Making of Statehood. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 219–221. ISBN 9781138285330.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Immigration (August 16, 2011). "Cook Islands and Netherlands establish diplomatic relations". Cook Islands Government. Archived from the original on October 23, 2015. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
- ^ "Ambassadeursbenoemingen | Persbericht | Rijksoverheid.nl". Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
- ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (February 21, 2018). "Embassy of Burkina Faso (Brussel) - Embassies, consulates and other representations - Government.nl". www.government.nl. Archived from the original on September 26, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
- ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (November 9, 2017). "Burkina Faso - paysbasetvous.nl". www.paysbasetvous.nl. Archived from the original on October 8, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
- ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (February 21, 2018). "Embassy of the Union of the Comoros (Schaarbeek) - Embassies, consulates and other representations - Government.nl". www.government.nl. Archived from the original on September 4, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
- ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (November 3, 2016). "Comoros - netherlandsandyou.nl". www.netherlandsandyou.nl. Archived from the original on September 4, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
- ^ "Buitenlandse Politiek van Nederland 1848-1945" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on October 22, 2023. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
- ^ Staatsalmanak voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken. 1939. p. 66.
- ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (February 21, 2018). "Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (Brussel) - Embassies, consulates and other representations - Government.nl". www.government.nl. Archived from the original on September 3, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
- ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (November 4, 2016). "Senegal - netherlandsandyou.nl". www.netherlandsandyou.nl. Archived from the original on August 31, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
- ^ "Netherlands Embassy in Pretoria, South Africa". Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "South African Embassy in the Netherlands". Archived from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ Memoria 1898-1899 (in Spanish). Argentina. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto. November 12, 1936. p. 473. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
- ^ "Embajada de la República Argentina en Reino de los Países Bajos". Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "Embajada del Reino de los Países Bajos en Buenos Aires, Argentina". Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ Almanach de Gotha (in French). Gotha, Germany : Justus Perthes. 1914. p. 1054.
- ^ "Apresentação". haia.itamaraty.gov.br. Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "Embaixada do Reino dos Países Baixos em Brasília, Brasil". Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Archived from the original on June 7, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
- ^ "NCCC – Home". Netherlandscanada.nl. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
- ^ "Government of Canada – Gouvernement du Canada". Archived from the original on March 7, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "The Embassy and Consulates – Kingdom of the Netherlands, Canada". Archived from the original on February 7, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "Buitenlandse Politiek van Nederland 1848-1945: 1971-1874" (in Dutch). p. XV. Archived from the original on October 22, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
- ^ "Embajada de Colombia en Países Bajos". Archived from the original on December 19, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "Embajada del Reino de los Países Bajos en Bogotá, Colombia". Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "Relación de Costa Rica con Países Bajos". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto Costa Rica (in Spanish). Archived from the original on December 3, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
- ^ "Estados con los que Cuba mantiene relaciones diplomaticas" (PDF). Memoria Anual 2015 (in Spanish). p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 7, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
- ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (February 21, 2018). "Embassy of the Commonwealth of Dominica (Londen) - Embassies, consulates and other representations - Government.nl". www.government.nl. Archived from the original on September 2, 2019. Retrieved September 2, 2019.
- ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (March 28, 2017). "Dominica - netherlandsandyou.nl". www.netherlandsandyou.nl. Archived from the original on December 6, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2019.
- ^ "Bilateral Relations". Embajada de la Republica Dominicana ante el Reino de los Paises Bajos. Archived from the original on May 29, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
- ^ "Countries with which Guyana has Establishment Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 7, 2016. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
- ^ British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Latin America, January 1950-December 1950. University Publications of America. 2003. p. 525.
- ^ Relaciones Exteriores [@SRE_mx] (June 16, 2022). "Hoy conmemoramos el 194 aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre México🇲🇽 y Países Bajos🇳🇱. Continuaremos reforzando los lazos de amistad y cooperación entre nuestros pueblos y en el marco de la Unión Europea" (Tweet) (in Spanish). Retrieved December 3, 2023 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Mexico: Netherlands And Mexican Regulations To The Netherlands – Mexico Treaty Announced". Deloitte & Touche. September 23, 1997. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
In a press release dated 14 March 1997, the Netherlands Ministry of Finance announced the Netherlands and Mexican regulations under the Netherlands – Mexico tax treaty and protocol, both of 27 September 1993. The Mexican regulations deal with the formalities to be observed by residents of the Netherlands in order to be exempt from, or obtain a refund of, the Mexican withholding taxes on dividends, interest and royalties.
- ^ "Mexico, Netherlands amend treaty to curb tax evasion". Xinhua. 2008. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
Mexico and the Netherlands modified a tax treaty signed in 1993 in a bid to strength cooperation to curb tax evasion, Mexican Treasury and Public Credit Ministry said on Friday.
- ^ "Mexico: New protocol to the Mexico/Netherlands tax treaty". PricewaterhouseCoopers. 2008. Archived from the original on February 13, 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
The Mexican ministry of finance and the Dutch ambassador to Mexico signed a new protocol to the Mexico-Netherlands tax treaty, which includes the following relevant modifications ...
- ^ "Bienvenidos a la portada". Archived from the original on May 4, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "Nederlandse Ambassade in Mexico-Stad, Mexico". Archived from the original on October 3, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "Nederlandse ambassade in Paramaribo, Suriname". Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "Welcome to the Frontpage". Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: The Netherlands". history.state.gov. Archived from the original on July 17, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
- ^ "Foreign investment in U.S. companies soaring". Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
- ^ "Key Factors for Locating European Headquarters in the Netherlands – Netherlands Foreign Investment Agency". Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "The Netherlands Embassy in Washington, D.C., United States". Archived from the original on February 21, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "Embassy of the United States The Hague, Netherlands". Archived from the original on December 16, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ Registro oficial colección de leyes, decretos y demás documentos públicos ... (in Spanish). 1892. December 5, 1892. p. 65.
- ^ "Consulado Honorario del Reino de los Países Bajos en Montevideo (Uruguay)". Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "Servicios al Ciudadano – Embajadas". Archived from the original on September 3, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ Presse, AFP-Agence France. "Dutch To Move Kabul Embassy To Qatar: Foreign Minister". www.barrons.com. Archived from the original on November 27, 2023. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
- ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (January 17, 2022). "Dutch humanitarian activities and aid: Afghanistan - Weblogs - Government.nl". www.government.nl. Archived from the original on November 27, 2023. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
- ^ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Archived from the original on December 3, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
- ^ Helix Consulting LLC. "Embassy of Armenia in the Kingdom of the Netherlands". Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "Embassy of Kingdom the Netherlands in Armenia". Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
- ^ "Canada.Com | Homepage | Canada.Com". ocanada. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012.
- ^ "The Kingdom of the Netherlands". Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on December 3, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
- ^ "Bhutan-Netherlands relations". Royal Bhutanese Embassy, Brussels, Belgium. Archived from the original on May 29, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
- ^ "50th Anniversary of Sino-Dutch Diplomatic Relations". Diplomat Magazine. Archived from the original on December 28, 2023. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
- ^ "Netherlands, Kingdom of the". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia. Archived from the original on December 3, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
- ^ Indian Information Volume 20. 1947. 1947. p. 406. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
- ^ "Embassy of Indonesia – The Hague". Archived from the original on March 8, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "Netherlands Embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia". Archived from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "Dutch-Persian Relations". Encyclopedia Iranica. Archived from the original on October 15, 2023. Retrieved October 13, 2023.
- ^ Bescheiden betreffende de buitenlandse politiek van Nederland, 1848-1919 tweede periode 1871-1898 · Issue 122 (in Dutch). M. Nijhoff. 1967. p. 425.
- ^ "Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Israel (in Dutch only)" (PDF). August 25, 2021.[permanent dead link ]
- ^ "Error-2010-f3". Archived from the original on February 20, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "עולם הבלוגים". Archived from the original on January 24, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ Mitsubishi Corporation – Regional Report on the Kingdom of the Netherlands Archived November 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ 400 jaar handel – Four centuries of Japanese–Dutch trade relations: 1609–2009
- ^ "Countries which has established Diplomatic Relations with Kazakhstan". The Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Kazakhstan. Archived from the original on February 17, 2020. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
- ^ "Kazakhstan's 25th Anniversary of Diplomatic Relations". www.diplomatmagazine.nl. Archived from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
- ^ "Inventaris van het archief van het Nederlandse Gezantschap, later de Ambassade in Maleisië, 1957- 1965" (in Dutch). May 2, 2009. p. 18. Archived from the original on September 3, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
- ^ Robert van Gulik, The gibbon in China. An essay in Chinese animal lore. E.J.Brill, Leiden, Netherlands. (1967)
- ^ Antony Best, Great Britain. Foreign Office, Michael Partridge, Paul Preston (December 5, 2023). British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Japan, Korea and Southeast Asia, January 1948-December 1948. 2000. p. 255. ISBN 9781556557682.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Diplomatic & Consular List" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore. p. 158. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 20, 2017. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Europe" (in Korean). Mofa.go.kr. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
- ^ "Relations between the Netherlands and South Korea | International relations". Government.nl. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
- ^ "Нідерланди та Південна Корея: історія дипвідносин". style.co.ua. August 23, 2024. Archived from the original on August 23, 2024. Retrieved August 23, 2024.
- ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (January 6, 2017). "South Korea - netherlandsandyou.nl". www.netherlandsandyou.nl. Archived from the original on June 1, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
- ^ "Embassy of the Republic of Korea to the Kingdom of the Netherlands" (in Korean). Nld.mofa.go.kr. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
- ^ "주 네덜란드 대한민국 대사관". overseas.mofa.go.kr.
- ^ "Dutch embassy in Ankara". Archived from the original on October 21, 2009. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
- ^ Turkish embassy in The Hague Archived January 8, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Austrian embassy in The Hague (in Dutch and German only)". Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2009.
- ^ "Nederlandse Ambassade in Wenen, Oostenrijk". Archived from the original on November 6, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "History of the Embassy". Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Archived from the original on December 3, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
- ^ "Nederlandse ambassade in Brussel, België". Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "Diplomatie". Archived from the original on March 9, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "Dates of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bosnia and Herzegovina. Archived from the original on May 15, 2024. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
- ^ "Bulgarian embassy The Hague". Archived from the original on June 21, 2009.
- ^ Dutch embassy Sofia Archived December 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Republic of Croatia Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
- ^ "Czech-Dutch Bilateral Relations". Embassy of the Czech Republic in The Hague. Archived from the original on May 29, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
- ^ Nederlandene, Danmark i. "Danmark i Nederlandene". Danmark i Nederlandene. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011.
- ^ "Dutch embassy in Copenhagen". Archived from the original on February 24, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
- ^ "Finland and Netherlands". finlandabroad.fi. Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
- ^ "Embassy of France in The Hague, Netherlands". EmbassyPages.com. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ^ "Embassy of the Netherlands in Paris, France". EmbassyPages.com. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
- ^ Dutch embassy in Budapest Archived September 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Hungarian embassy in The Hague". Archived from the original on April 16, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2009.
- ^ "Iceland - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Government of Iceland. Archived from the original on October 1, 2022. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
- ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (November 3, 2016). "Iceland - netherlandsandyou.nl". www.netherlandsandyou.nl. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
- ^ "San Marínó". Travelinstyle. Archived from the original on December 20, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023.
- ^ "Department of Foreign Affairs". Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "Netherlands Embassy in Dublin, Ireland". Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "Dates of Establishment and Renewal of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Latvia. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
- ^ "List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
- ^ "Regatul Ţărilor de Jos". mfa.gov.md (in Romanian). Archived from the original on December 3, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
- ^ "Poland in the Netherlands". gov.pl. Archived from the original on December 3, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Romania. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
- ^ Dutch embassy in Belgrade Archived April 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Index of /~yuambanl". Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Bratislava, Slovakia". Archived from the original on February 7, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ Dutch embassy in Ljubljana[dead link ]
- ^ "Embassy of the Republic of Slovenia Hague". Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "Political Dialogue". Embassy of Ukraine in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Archived from the original on May 29, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
- ^ "Oekraine". Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ "British Embassy The Hague". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on April 6, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
- ^ Politi, James (September 19, 2023). "US unveils Atlantic co-operation pact". Financial Times. Archived from the original on January 19, 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
- ^ Exchange of Envoys With Dutch. Trove. Daily Mirror (Sydney, NSW : 1941 - 1955) Sat 31 Jan 1942. p. 3. Archived from the original on December 3, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
- ^ "Minister of the Netherlands at Wellington appointed" (PDF). The New Zealand Gazette. September 18, 1947. p. 1349. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 17, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
- ^ Briefing Notes for Minister of Foreign Affairs, The Rt. Honourable Sir Peter Kenilorea. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Solomon Islands. 1988. p. 32.
- ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (November 4, 2016). "Solomons Islands - netherlandsandyou.nl". www.netherlandsandyou.nl. Archived from the original on September 25, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
- ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (February 21, 2018). "Embassy of Solomon Islands (Brussel) - Embassies, consulates and other representations - Government.nl". www.government.nl. Archived from the original on September 25, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
- ^ "The Mission - Embassy of the Solomon Islands". Archived from the original on September 25, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
- ^ Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (February 21, 2018). "Honorary Consulate of the Republic of Vanuatu ('s-Gravenhage) - Embassies, consulates and other representations - Government.nl". www.government.nl. Archived from the original on September 25, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
Further reading
[edit]- Collet, Steven. "Modernizing the Dutch Diplomatic Service: A Work in Progress." The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 10.4 (2015): 440–451.
- Erlandsson, Susanna. "Off the record: Margaret van Kleffens and the gendered history of Dutch World War II diplomacy." International Feminist Journal of Politics 21.1 (2019): 29–46. online Archived May 22, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
- Heinsen-Roach, Erica. Consuls and Captives: Dutch-North African Diplomacy in the Early Modern Mediterranean (2019) online Archived September 29, 2023, at the Wayback Machine.
- Israel, Jonathan. The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806 (1995) a major synthesis; complete online edition; also excerpt and text search Archived July 17, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
- Koopmans, Joop W., and Arend H. Huussen Jr. Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands (2nd ed. 2007)excerpt and text search Archived February 24, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
- Kossmann, E. H. The Low Countries 1780–1940 (1978) 790pp.
- Krabbendam, Hans, et al. eds. Four Centuries of Dutch-American Relations 1609–2009 (Amsterdam: Boom), 2009, 1190 pp., ISBN 978-9085066538; excerpt Archived February 13, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
- Leurdijk, J.H. ed. The Foreign Policy of the Netherlands (Alphen aan den Rijn, 1978).
- Nordholt, Jan Willem Schulte, and Robert P. Swierenga. Bilateral Bicentennial: A History of Dutch-American Relations, 1782–1982 (1982) 279pp
- Onnekink, David, and Gijs Rommelse. The Dutch in the early modern world: a history of a global power (Cambridge University Press, 2019).
- Ruangsilp, Bhawan (2007). Dutch East India Company Merchants at the Court of Ayutthaya: Dutch Perceptions of the Thai Kingdom, Ca. 1604–1765. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-15600-5.
- Scott, Cynthia. "Renewing the 'Special Relationship'and Rethinking the Return of Cultural Property: The Netherlands and Indonesia, 1949–79." Journal of Contemporary History 52.3 (2017): 646–668.
- Tonra, Ben. The Europeanisation of national foreign policy: Dutch, Danish and Irish foreign policy in the European Union (Routledge, 2018) online Archived July 21, 2023, at the Wayback Machine.
- Tuyll van Serooskerken, Hubert P. van. Netherlands & World War I: Espionage, Diplomacy & Survival (2001) 381p.
- van Willigen, Niels. "A Dutch return to UN peacekeeping?." International Peacekeeping 23.5 (2016): 702–720.
- Vandenbosch, Amry. Dutch Foreign Policy since 1815 (1959). online; online
- Vandenbosch, Amry. The neutrality of the Netherlands during the world war (1927).
- Vandenbosch, Amry. Dutch in the Far East (1943) online
- Appointment of the Dutch Ambassador in 1614: a rare document online Archived June 2, 2024, at the Wayback Machine
- Veer, Lionel. "On the road for human rights: Experiences and reflections of the Dutch human rights ambassador 2010–2014." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 35.1 (2017): 4–10.