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BNSF Railway

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This article is about the freight railroad company. For the Metra line operated by the railroad under contract, see BNSF Line.
BNSF Railway
System map (trackage rights and former Montana Rail Link tracks in purple)
BNSF 8033 leads a freight train up California's Cajon Pass
Overview
Parent companyBerkshire Hathaway
HeadquartersFort Worth, Texas
Reporting markBNSF
LocaleWestern, Midwestern and Southern United States, Western Canada
Dates of operationSeptember 22, 1995; 29 years ago (1995-09-22)–present
PredecessorAtchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
Burlington Northern Railroad
Technical
Track gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Length33,400 miles (53,800 km)
Other
Websitebnsf.com

BNSF Railway (reporting mark BNSF) is the largest freight railroad in the United States. One of six North American Class I railroads, BNSF has 36,000 employees,[1] 33,400 miles (53,800 km) of track in 28 states, and over 8,000 locomotives.[2] It has three transcontinental routes that provide rail connections between the western and eastern United States. BNSF trains traveled over 169 million miles (272 million kilometers) in 2010, more than any other North American railroad.[3]

The BNSF Railway Company is the principal operating subsidiary of parent company Burlington Northern Santa Fe, LLC. Headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, the railroad's parent company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway, Inc., of Omaha, Nebraska.[4] The current CEO is Kathryn Farmer.[5]

According to corporate press releases, BNSF Railway is among the top transporters of intermodal freight in North America. It also hauls bulk cargo, including coal.

The creation of BNSF started with the formation of a holding company on September 22, 1995. This new holding company purchased the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (often called the "Santa Fe") and Burlington Northern Railroad, and formally merged the railways into the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway on December 31, 1996.[6] On January 24, 2005, the railroad's name was officially changed to BNSF Railway Company using the initials of its original name.[7] Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway acquired BNSF Railway in February 2010, obtaining all of its shares and taking the company private.

BNSF and its chief competitor, the Union Pacific Railroad, have a duopoly on all transcontinental freight rail lines in the Western, Midwestern and Southern United States[8] and share trackage rights over thousands of miles of track.

History

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Main articles: Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway and Burlington Northern Railroad
BNSF Dash 9-44CW #1041 leading a manifest freight train northwest of Shallowater, Texas, running on former ATSF railroad tracks that run parallel to U.S. Route 84 as they cross the high plains of the Llano Estacado. Immediately behind the locomotive are cars painted in the old Burlington Northern livery.

BNSF's history dates to 1849, when the Aurora Branch Railroad in Illinois and the Pacific Railroad of Missouri were formed by a group of millers who were granted a charter to build a 12-mile railroad that connected Aurora with the Galena & Chicago Union Rail Road.[9] The Aurora Branch eventually grew into the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q), a major component of successor Burlington Northern.[9] Part of the Pacific Railroad became the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway (Frisco).[citation needed]

The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (ATSF) was chartered in 1859. It built one of the first transcontinental railroads in North America, linking Chicago and Southern California; major branches led to Texas, Denver, and San Francisco. The Interstate Commerce Commission denied a proposed merger with the Southern Pacific Transportation Company in the 1980s.[citation needed]

The Burlington Northern Railroad (BN) was created in 1970 through the consolidation of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, the Great Northern Railway, the Northern Pacific Railway and the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway. It absorbed the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway (Frisco) in 1980. Its main lines included Chicago-Seattle with branches to Texas (ex-Burlington) and Birmingham, Alabama (ex-Frisco), and access to the low-sulfur coal of Wyoming's Powder River Basin.[citation needed]

The city of Burlington, Iowa is the namesake of Burlington in each of Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, Burlington Northern Railroad, and BNSF.

BN-ATSF merger

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GE Dash 9-44CW 4464 leads a container train through Winslow, Arizona, in the rain on the BNSF Southern Transcon in Northern Arizona.

On June 30, 1994, BN and ATSF announced plans to merge.[10][page needed] They were the largest and smallest (by track mileage) of the "Super Seven", the seven largest of the then-twelve U.S. Class I railroads. The long-rumored announcement was delayed by a disagreement over the disposition of Santa Fe Pacific Gold Corporation, a gold mining subsidiary that ATSF agreed to sell to stockholders.[11] This announcement began the next wave of mergers, as the "Super Seven" were merged down to four in the next five years. The Illinois Central Railroad and Kansas City Southern Railway (KCS), two of the five "small" Class Is, announced on July 19 that the former would buy the latter,[12] but this plan was called off on October 25. The Union Pacific Railroad (UP), another major Western system, started a bidding war with BN for control of the SF on October 5.[13] The UP gave up on January 31, 1995, paving the way for the BN-ATSF merger.[14] Subsequently, the UP acquired the Southern Pacific Transportation Company (SP) in 1996, and Eastern U.S. systems CSX Transportation and Norfolk Southern Railway split Conrail in 1999.[citation needed]

Ex. Burlington Northern BNSF SD40-2, sitting in Galveston, Texas, alongside many other locomotives.

On February 7, 1995, BN and ATSF heads Gerald Grinstein and Robert D. Krebs announced that shareholders had approved the plan, which would save overhead costs and combine BN's coal and ATSF's intermodal strengths. Although the two systems complemented each other with little overlap,[15] in contrast to the Santa Fe-Southern Pacific merger, which failed because it would have eliminated competition in many areas of the Southwest, BN and ATSF came to agreements with most other Class Is to keep them from opposing the merger. UP was satisfied with a single segment of trackage rights from Abilene, Kansas, to Superior, Nebraska, which BN and ATSF had both served. KCS gained haulage rights to several Midwest locations, including Omaha, East St. Louis, and Memphis, in exchange for BNSF getting similar access to New Orleans. SP, initially requesting far-reaching trackage rights throughout the West,[16] soon agreed to a reduced plan, whereby SP acquired trackage rights on ATSF for intermodal and automotive traffic to Chicago, and other trackage rights on ATSF in Kansas, south to Texas, and between Colorado and Texas. In exchange, SP assigned BNSF trackage rights over the former Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad between El Paso and Topeka and haulage rights to the Mexican border at Eagle Pass, Texas.[17] Regional Toledo, Peoria and Western Railway also obtained trackage rights over BN from Peoria to Galesburg, Illinois, a BN hub where it could interchange with SP[18] (which had rights on BN dating from 1990[19]). The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) approved the BNSF merger on July 20, 1995 (with final approval on August 23), less than a month before UP announced on August 3 that it would acquire SP.[20] Parents Burlington Northern Inc. and Santa Fe Pacific Corporation were acquired on September 22, 1995, by the new Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corporation. The merger of the operating companies was held up by issues with unions;[21] ATSF merged on December 31, 1996, into BN, which was renamed the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Company.[22]

Effect of UP-SP merger

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Union Pacific's merger with Southern Pacific further enlarged the combined BNSF network. Unlike BN and ATSF, UP and SP had significant overlap, where the end of competition between the two risked creating a monopoly for freight carriage in much of the West. UP and BNSF announced in late September 1995 that, in exchange for BNSF not opposing the merger, it would obtain ownership of 335 miles (539 km) of line and about 3,500 miles (5,600 km) of trackage rights to reach these "two-to-one" shippers. Significant additions included rights over SP's Central Corridor from Denver via the Moffat Tunnel and Salt Lake City, and over Donner Pass, to the San Francisco Bay Area, with an alternate route through the Feather River Canyon along UP. The ATSF trackage in California's Central Valley was linked to BN's line into Oregon, through trackage rights over UP between Stockton and Keddie and acquisition of UP's section of the "Inside Gateway" to the beginning of BN trackage at Bieber. In Texas, BNSF received rights in several directions from the Houston area: west over UP to San Antonio, with a branch to Waco, and continuing over SP to Eagle Pass (replacing the haulage rights they had just obtained); south over UP to Brownsville; east over SP to New Orleans (including the purchase of this line east of Lake Charles); and northeast over SP to Memphis with a branch on UP to Little Rock. Ownership of a short connection between Waxahachie and Dallas also went from UP to BNSF. UP, in return, got a few short sections of trackage rights over BNSF, mainly connecting the SP at Chemult to the UP at Bend, Oregon, and connecting the SP at Mojave, California with existing UP rights on ATSF at Barstow, California.[23][24] On April 18, 1996, UP, BNSF, and the Chemical Manufacturers Association entered into an agreement giving BNSF rights over the UP line between Houston and East St. Louis, paralleling the Houston-Memphis SP line, and allowing BNSF to participate in the UP's plan for directional running, in which each line would serve through trains in only one direction.[25][26] The Surface Transportation Board, successor to the ICC, approved the UP-SP merger on July 3,[27] and UP control of SP took effect on September 11, 1996.[28] BNSF trackage rights operations began on the Central Corridor on October 10, and soon thereafter on other lines.[29]

BNSF continued projects started by its predecessors, most notably BN's work on reopening Stampede Pass. BN had closed Stampede Pass, the Northern Pacific Railway's main line across Washington, in 1984, in favor of the ex-Great Northern Railway's Stevens Pass. BN never abandoned the line and began rehabilitating it in early 1996, and the route reopened in early December, relieving the crowded Stevens Pass.[30] The ex-ATSF main line, now known as the Southern Transcon, has also seen steady work to add tracks, giving BNSF more capacity on this major intermodal route.[31]

Attempted merger with CN

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On December 20, 1999, BNSF and the recently privatized Canadian National Railway announced plans to combine as subsidiaries of a new holding company,[32] North American Railways, which would control about 50,000 miles (80,000 km) of railroad. With CN's lines primarily in Canada and, through subsidiary Illinois Central Railroad, on a north–south corridor near BNSF's eastern edge, the two systems had little overlap. The combination would have benefited both companies by expanding available cash for capacity improvements and allowing for longer single-system movements. Shippers and the Surface Transportation Board expressed concern and surprise about the timing, since the merger that produced BNSF had been the only one in the 1990s that did not cause severe deterioration in service.[33] On March 17, 2000, the STB imposed a 15-month moratorium on mergers involving any two Class I railroads,[34] citing widespread opposition not only to the merger but its effects, likely starting the final round of mergers into two big systems. BNSF and CN immediately turned to the U.S. Court of Appeals,[35] which on July 14 ruled that the STB's right to regulate mergers allowed a moratorium, and the two railroads called off the merger.[36] The STB released its final rules on June 11, 2001,[37] requiring any new application to merge two Class I railroads, with the exception of smaller Kansas City Southern Railway, to demonstrate that competition would be preserved and address effects of defensive moves by other carriers.[38] No further Class I mergers would take place until the merger between Kansas City Southern and Canadian Pacific in April 2023, creating the Canadian Pacific Kansas City Railway.[39][40][41]

Acquisition by Berkshire Hathaway

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The Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corporation was incorporated in 1993 to facilitate the merger of Burlington Northern, Incorporated, parent of the Burlington Northern Railroad, and Santa Fe Pacific Corporation, which owned the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (Santa Fe).[42] The corporate merger was consummated on September 22, 1995, at which point shareholders of the previous companies became shareholders of BNSF and the two companies became wholly owned subsidiaries of BNSF.[42] In December 1996, the two holding companies and two railroads were formally merged, and in January 1998 the remaining intermediate holding company was folded into the railroad.

Robert Krebs of Santa Fe Pacific was president of BNSF from the merger until 1999, chief executive from the merger until 2000, and chairman from 1997 until 2002. He was succeeded in all three positions by Matthew K. Rose.

On November 3, 2009, Berkshire Hathaway made a $26 billion offer to buy the remaining 77.4% of Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corporation it did not already own, valuing the purchase at $34 billion. The deal, including Berkshire's previous investment and the assumption of $10 billion in Burlington Northern debt, brings the total value to $44 billion.[43] Consummated February 12, 2010, it is the largest acquisition in Berkshire Hathaway's history.[44]

The deal was structured so that the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corporation would merge with and into R Acquisition Company, LLC, an indirect, wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway. The deal closed on February 12, 2010, and at the same time, the now merged company changed its name to Burlington Northern Santa Fe, LLC. It remains an indirect, wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway.[45]

[edit]

In January 2022, BNSF agreed to purchase Montana Rail Link, a private company, for $2 billion, through an "early lease termination".[46][47][48] The return to BNSF control required the approval of the Surface Transportation Board,[49][50] which was approved on March 8, 2023.[51] The railroad had over 900 miles (1,400 km) of track,[52] and served 100 stations. The main classification yard was in Laurel, Montana, with smaller yards in Missoula, Billings, Bozeman and Helena.[53]

BNSF took over MRL operations on January 1, 2024.[54] This absorbed the MRL into BNSF, integrating MRL operations, technology and personnel. All 1,200 employees were offered employment with BNSF.[55]

Operations

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Markets and services

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The BNSF 'heritage' logo found on an EMD SD70MAC. The colors of the logo represented the railroads that are part of BNSF.

With BNSF's large system, it hauls many different commodities, most notably coal and grain, as well as intermodal freight.

Predecessor Burlington Northern Railroad (BN) entered Wyoming's low-sulfur coal-rich Powder River Basin in the 1970s through construction of the Powder River Basin Joint Line with Union Pacific Railroad predecessor Chicago and North Western Transportation Company. Coal goes north in unit trains on the three-to-four-track Joint Line to Gillette or south to Orin, where older BN lines and other railroads take it in all directions to coal-burning power plants.[56]

BNSF serves over 1,500 grain elevators, located mostly in the Midwest on former BN lines.[57] Depending on where the markets are, this grain may move in any direction in unit trains or wait in silos for demand to rise. Most commonly, grain may move west on the Northern Transcon to the Pacific Northwest and its export terminals, or south to ports in Texas and the Gulf of Mexico.[56]

The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway's main contribution to BNSF was the Southern Transcon, a fast intermodal corridor connecting Southern California and Chicago. Most traffic is either trailers of trucking companies such as intermodal partner J. B. Hunt, or containers from the Ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles. The latter begins its trip on the triple-track Alameda Corridor, shared with the Union Pacific Railroad, and then follows BNSF rails from downtown Los Angeles.[56] Its route, the Southern Transcon, has been almost completely double-tracked, and triple-tracking has begun in areas such as Cajon Pass.

BNSF transports Boeing 737 fuselages from the Wichita, Kansas plant to Renton, Washington.[58]

Finances

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BNSF Railway Company
FoundedDecember 31, 1996 as Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway
Key people
Kathryn Farmer (president and CEO)
RevenueIncreaseUS$25.888 billion (2022)[59]
IncreaseUS8.6 billion (2022)[59]
IncreaseUS$5.496 billion (2022)[59]
Total assetsIncreaseUS$92.611 billion (2022)[59]
Total equityIncreaseUS$47.236 billion (2022)[59]
Number of employees
Decrease 36,250 (Dec 2022)[59]
ParentBerkshire Hathaway

Trackage

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BNSF ES44DC 7402 leads a train of Boeing 737 fuselages at Greenwood, Nebraska, in October 2014
An eastbound BNSF Railway train passes some maintenance of way equipment in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, August 8, 2004. The lead unit is painted in the Heritage II scheme.

BNSF Railway directly owns and operates track in 28 U.S. states: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. The railway also operates a small amount of track in Canada, including an approximate 30-mile (48 km) section that runs from the U.S.–Canada border to Vancouver, British Columbia, some tracks and a yard in Winnipeg, Manitoba, approximately 70 miles (110 km) of joint track with the Canadian National Railway, which runs south to the U.S. border at Emerson, Manitoba, and less than a kilometer of trackage at the border in Northgate, Saskatchewan.

For administrative purposes, BNSF is divided into two regions and ten operating divisions. The North Region includes the Montana, Northwest, Twin Cities, Heartland and Powder River divisions. The South Region includes the Red River, California, Chicago, Kansas and Southwest divisions. Each division is further divided into subdivisions, which represent segments of track ranging from 300-mile (480 km) mainlines to 10-mile (16 km) branch-lines. The former Texas and Gulf divisions were combined into the Red River Division, and the former Springfield and Nebraska divisions were combined into the Heartland Division, in the spring of 2016.

Not including second, third and fourth main-line trackage, yard trackage, and siding trackage, BNSF directly owns and operates over 24,000 miles (39,000 km) of track. When these additional tracks are counted, the length of track which the railway directly controls rises to more than 50,000 miles (80,000 km).

Additionally, BNSF Railway has gained trackage rights on more than 8,000 miles (13,000 km) of track throughout the United States and Canada. These rights allow the BNSF to operate its own trains with its own crews on competing railroads' main tracks. BNSF locomotives also occasionally show up on competitors' tracks throughout the United States and Canada by way of leases, mileage equalizations, and other contractual arrangements.

Yards and facilities

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BNSF 880362, a DOT-111 tank car passing Glen Haven, Wisconsin, shows the new corporate logo on June 3, 2006

BNSF operates various facilities all over the United States, plus a yard in Winnipeg, to support its transportation system. Facilities operated by the railway include yards and terminals throughout its rail network, system locomotive shops to perform locomotive service and maintenance, a centralized operations center for train dispatching and network operations monitoring in Fort Worth, and regional dispatching centers.

BNSF Railway also operates numerous transfer facilities throughout the western United States to facilitate the transfer of intermodal containers, trailers, and other freight traffic. BNSF Railway has direct control over a total of 33 intermodal hubs and 23 automotive distribution facilities.

The BNSF mechanical division operates 13 locomotive maintenance facilities that perform preventive maintenance, repairs and servicing of equipment. The largest of these facilities are located in Alliance, Nebraska and Argentine Yard in Kansas City, Kansas. The mechanical division also controls 46 additional facilities responsible for car maintenance and daily running repairs.

The BNSF system mechanical division, a subset of the mechanical division, operates two maintenance-of-way work equipment shops, responsible for performing repairs and preventive maintenance to BNSF's track and equipment, in Brainerd, Minnesota and Galesburg, Illinois. The system mechanical division also operates the Western Fruit Express Company's refrigerated car repair shop in Spokane, Washington.

On October 1, 2022, BNSF Railway announced plans to construct a $1.5 billion state of the art master planned rail facility in Southern California, the first such facility developed by a Class I railroad. The Barstow International Gateway, encompassing approximately 4,500 acres (1,800 ha, 7.0 sq mi), an integrated rail facility, will be located on the west side of Barstow, California. This new facility, when built, will enable more efficient rail operations from the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach to trains for transport through the Alameda Corridor onto the BNSF mainline to the new facility, and then move across the nation on the eastbound BNSF route network.[60][61]

In June 2024, BNSF Railway announced plans to develop the Surprise Intermodal/Logistics Center, a regional rail-served facility near Phoenix, Arizona. The planned site is located in northwest Maricopa County and will cover 4,321 acres (1,749 ha) of land. The facility consists of three distinct, interrelated components:

  • An intermodal facility on 1,770 acres (716 ha), which will provide a transfer hub for rail shipments by containers and trailers.
  • A logistics park on 1,420 acres (575 ha), which will provide sites for warehouse and distribution facilities.
  • A logistics center on 1,131 acres (458 ha), providing direct-rail-serviced sites for local industry.[62]

Hump Yards

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Pasco Yard

Large freight car hump yards are located throughout the BNSF system.[63]

Intermodal Yards

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Location of some intermodal yards:

A second-generation Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD) yard-switching engine at Hobson Yard in Lincoln, Nebraska. This is EMD GP28-2 (GP28M) low emissions BNSF H4 1524.

Routes

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  • The Northern Transcon runs between Seattle and Chicago. The route is a combination of parts of the old Great Northern, the Northern Pacific, and the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway.
  • The Southern Transcon runs between Los Angeles and Chicago. The 2006 BNSF Annual Report states: "We also added about 33 miles of second main track on our main line between Chicago and Los Angeles. All but 51 miles (82 km) of this high-volume 2,200-mile (3,500 km) route were double track, as of the end of 2006. Last year, we ran 100 trains per day on this expanded main line, compared with 60 per day in 2000." Technically, it is not double tracked in mid-Kansas where two routes are used: Mulvane to Wichita to Newton to Emporia for primarily eastbound traffic; Emporia to El Dorado to Augusta to Mulvane for primarily westbound traffic. In 2008, BNSF completed nearly sixteen miles (26 km) of a third main track through Cajon Pass in Southern California, increasing capacity on the transcontinental main route between Chicago and Los Angeles from 100 to 150 trains per day. BNSF started adding a second main track in Abo Canyon (east of Belen, New Mexico) the largest bottleneck on the Transcon with grading in 2008–2009, bridges in 2010 and signal work in late 2010 or early 2011. Approximately 1.7 million cubic yards (1.3 million cubic metres) of rock need to be excavated, mostly by blasting. The 2008 BNSF Annual Report states: "Following completion of the Abo Canyon project scheduled in 2011, our 2,200‑mile [3,540 km] Transcontinental Corridor between Southern California and Chicago will have only about 30 miles [48 km] of single track."[citation needed]
  • The Powder River Basin supplies forty percent of the coal in the United States. The 2008 BNSF Annual Report states that the quadruple track project was completed.

Operating divisions

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The BNSF system is divided into 13 divisions grouped into three regions. Each division includes numerous subdivisions, normally comprising a single main line and branches.[67] A fourteenth division, Colorado, has been consolidated with the Powder River Division, except for the Casper and Cody Subdivisions, which were transferred to the Montana Division.

Region Division States and provinces Headquarters Subdivisions[68] Notes
South California California, Nevada, Utah San Bernardino, CA Bakersfield, Cajon, Lucerne Valley, Mojave, Needles, San Bernardino, San Diego, Stockton
South Chicago Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin Chicago, IL Aurora, Barstow, Brookfield, Chicago, Chillicothe, Marceline, Mendota, Ottumwa, Peoria, St. Croix, Thomas Hill
Central Gulf (Now the Red River Division) Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas Spring, TX Bay City, Conroe, Galveston, Houston, Lafayette, Lampasas, Longview, Mykawa, Silsbee
South Kansas Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas Kansas City, KS Arkansas City, Douglass, Emporia, Hereford, La Junta, Panhandle, Plainview, Slaton, Strong City, Topeka, Fort Scott
South Los Angeles California Los Angeles, CA Alameda Corridor, Harbor, San Bernardino
North Montana Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming Billings, MT Big Sandy, Broadview, Casper, Choteau, Circle, Cody, Colstrip, Crosby, Dickinson, Fairfield, Forsyth, Ft. Benton, Glasgow, Great Falls, Grenora, Helena, Hettinger, Hi Line, Kootenai River, Laurel, Lewistown, Milk River, Mobridge, MRL,[69] Niobe, Sarpy Line, Sweet Grass, Valier
Central Nebraska (Now Heartland Division) Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska Lincoln, NE Bayard, Beatrice, Bellwood, Council Bluffs, Creston, Des Moines, Giltner, Hastings, Lester, Napier, Neb City, Omaha, Ottumwa, Ravenna, Sioux City, St. Joseph, Wymore
North Northwest British Columbia, California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington Seattle, WA Bellingham, Burbank, Cherry Point, Coeur d'Alene, Columbia River, Fallbridge, Gateway, Kettle Falls, Lakeside, Newport, New Westminster, Oregon Trunk, Scenic, Seattle, Spokane, Stampede, Sumas, Yakima Valley
Central Powder River Colorado, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Wyoming Gillette, WY Akron, Angora, Big Horn, Black Hills, Boise City, Brush, Butte, Campbell, Canyon, Dalhart, Dutch, Front Range, Golden, Orin, Pikes Peak, Pueblo, Reno, Sand Hills, Spanish Peaks, Twin Peaks, Valley
South Southwest Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas Belen, NM Clovis, Coronado, Defiance, El Paso, Ennis, Gallup, Glorieta, Lee Ranch, Phoenix, Raton, Seligman, Springerville
Central Springfield (Now Heartland Division) Alabama, Florida, Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee Springfield, MO Afton, Amory, Avard, Beardstown, Pensacola, Birmingham, Cherokee, Cuba, Fort Scott, Hannibal, Lead Line, River, Thayer North, Thayer South, Yates City Includes most of the former St. Louis-San Francisco Railway
Central Texas (Now Red River Division). Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas Fort Worth, Texas BBRX, Chickasha, Creek, DFW, Ft. Worth, Madill, Red River Valley, Red Rock, Sooner, Venus, Wichita Falls
North Twin Cities Iowa, Manitoba, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin Minneapolis, MN Aberdeen, Allouez, Appleton, Brainerd, Browns Valley, Canton, Casco, Clifford Line, Corson, Devils Lake, Drayton, Glasston, Grand Forks, Hanley Falls, Hannah, Hib Tac, Hillsboro, Hinckley, Hunter, Jamestown, KO, Lakes, Madison, Marshall, Mayville, Midway, Mitchell, Monticello, Moorhead, Morris, Noyes, P Line, Prosper, Rolla, Staples, St. Paul, Warwick, Watertown, Wayzata, Westhope, Zap Line

Passenger train service

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BNSF 5696 pulling a Metrolink train in the aftermath of the 2015 Oxnard train derailment

BNSF directly operates the BNSF Railway Line for Metra in Chicago and the Sounder in the Puget Sound Region — using BNSF-supplied crews in addition to running over its rails.[citation needed] The company's network additionally hosts other commuter trains, including: Metrolink in Southern California, and the Northstar Line in Minneapolis.

The line used by New Mexico Rail Runner Express was sold to the state of New Mexico, but BNSF retained all freight rights on the line and operates freight trains as needed.

Metra's cars that were originally purchased by BNSF predecessor Chicago Burlington & Quincy have letterboards above the doors. In about 2011, about 15 of the remaining cars had the original "BURLINGTON" lettering restored, while the rest now read "BNSF RAILWAY". Other Metra cars assigned to BNSF have the current BNSF "swoosh" logo next to the door.

Many Amtrak routes use BNSF rails: the Amtrak Cascades, California Zephyr, Carl Sandburg, Coast Starlight, Empire Builder, Heartland Flyer, Illinois Zephyr, Lincoln Service, Pacific Surfliner, San Joaquin, Southwest Chief, Sunset Limited, and Texas Eagle.

After the 2015 Oxnard train derailment, BNSF loaned 40 of their AC4400CWs to Metrolink while their Rotem cab cars received upgrades. These 40 units were converted to PTC. The locomotives have since been returned after the cab cars went back into service.[citation needed]

Although it does not have a steam program like the Union Pacific, the BNSF has allowed for the Southern Pacific 4449, St. Louis–San Francisco 1522, Santa Fe 3751, Santa Fe 2926, Spokane, Portland and Seattle 700 and Milwaukee Road 261 steam locomotives to operate excursions over their rails.

Safety

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BNSF has received E.H. Harriman Award for safety multiple times. But a number of accidents and incidents have occurred on the railway since its inception.[citation needed]

As one of the leading supporters of the Operation Lifesaver program to promote safety at railway crossings and rights-of-way, BNSF Railway, in 2000, established a grade-crossing closure program. This program, in which BNSF works with communities and landowners to identify unnecessary or redundant crossings, has helped close more than 2,900 of BNSF's railway crossings throughout the United States. Due to the program, BNSF has been the industry leader in lowering the number of grade-crossing collisions.

BNSF contracts with News Link, a small business in Lincoln, Nebraska, to publish employee newsletters focused on safety for some of the railroad's divisions and shops. These newsletters vary in length from four to 28 pages, published ranging from monthly to quarterly.

In 2014, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ordered BNSF to pay over $526,000 to workers who had been terminated in 2010 and 2011 after revealing workplace injuries at the terminal in Havre, Montana, which is in contravention of provisions of the Federal Railroad Safety Act protecting whistleblowers.[70]

In August 2016, a "huge number" of used hypodermic drug needles were found along a BNSF railroad bridge in between the University Park and St. Johns neighborhoods of Portland, Oregon that has become an encampment for homeless individuals. According to a conductor quoted by The Oregonian "Pretty much see people down there at all hours of the night. We report them but nobody does anything."[71]

In March 2024 the company furloughed 360 mechanical workers, a small percentage of the railroad's 37,000 employees, but enough to encourage a condemning letter from the Transportation Trades Department labor coalition calling on the Federal Railroad Administrator to increase inspections. The unions maintain that these cuts will make it difficult for BNSF to finish needed repairs and inspections of its rolling stock.[72] In a letter dated March 2024 sent to the FRA, the Shop Craft Unions at BNSF urged the Administration look at “…safety and maintenance issues” in the railroad industry, presenting evidence of a 41% decrease in repair and maintenance departments since 2015. BNSF shippers complain that shipments to the US Northwest have seen delays, most citing lack of enough crew as the reason. They also complained of high rates for secondary shuttle freight.[73]

Safety Culture Assessment

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In 2023, the FRA issued a safety culture report about BNSF. Regulators looked at ten areas of safety, including leadership, continuous learning, and how well safety is prioritized over other demands. The report said that BNSF is working toward a better safety culture, but that BNSF still needs to improve, particularly in communication and trust between management and employees.[74]

One of the report's findings concerned the difference between what BNSF leadership says about safety and how employees experience it. Some employees felt that safety sometimes takes a back seat to getting the job done, especially with mid-level managers. The report said that safety issues are not always handled the same way across the company, and that some employees felt that safety concerns were not addressed fairly. It also noted positive steps, like BNSF's investment in safety training and efforts to promote ongoing learning.[74]

The report gave several recommendations to help BNSF improve its safety culture, including better communication, building more trust between workers and management, and making sure safety is always the top priority. The FRA plans to monitor how BNSF responds to these recommendations.[74]

Equipment

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According to the 2007 BNSF Annual Report, at the end of 2007 the railway had more than 40,000 employees; 6,400 locomotives (8,359 as of 2018); and 85,338 freight cars (72,369 as of 2018).

At the end of 2007, the average age (from date of manufacture) was 15 years for the BNSF's locomotive fleet and 14 years for the freight car fleet.

On January 24, 2006, BNSF announced a US$2.4 billion program of infrastructure upgrades for 2006. The upgrade program includes: double- and triple-tracking 40 miles (64 km) of track and a second mainline track through New Mexico's Abo Canyon on the former ATSF transcontinental line; expanding the Lincoln, Nebraska, classification yard and double- and triple-tracking 50 miles (80 km) of track in Wyoming's Powder River Basin region; expansions at eight of the railroad's larger intermodal facilities, and extending many sidings and expanding and improving refueling facilities. In making the announcement, BNSF chairman Matthew K. Rose cited improvements in the company's return on invested capital and expressed hope for continued improvement.[75] In March 2008, the railroad was completing the triple-tracking of Cajon Pass in California, creating four tracks through the pass—three BNSF (former Santa Fe and newly installed) and one Union Pacific (former Southern Pacific).

Paint schemes

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Most of BNSF's high-horsepower road locomotives are painted in "Heritage" schemes – primarily based on BN predecessor Great Northern Railway's colors of Omaha Orange and Pullman Green, with yellow striping and silver underframes. Since 2005, BNSF's locomotives feature black instead of dark green paint.

Many locomotives retain their original paint schemes, but this is gradually changing, as these units are now either being retired, or rebuilt and repainted in the Heritage III and Heritage IV schemes, respectively.

Common locomotive paint schemes
  • BNSF Warbonnet
    BNSF Warbonnet
  • ATSF “Yellowbonnet” with Santa Fe lettering, also lettered for BNSF
    ATSF “Yellowbonnet” with Santa Fe lettering, also lettered for BNSF
  • BN "Cascade Green" scheme lettered for BNSF
    BN "Cascade Green" scheme lettered for BNSF
  • BN "Grinstein" Executive scheme lettered for BNSF
    BN "Grinstein" Executive scheme lettered for BNSF
  • Heritage I or H1
    Heritage I or H1
  • Heritage II or H2
    Heritage II or H2
  • Heritage III or H3
    Heritage III or H3
  • Heritage IV or H4
    Heritage IV or H4

The first locomotive to bear BNSF lettering was BN SD70MAC No. 9647, introduced in late August 1995, just as the Interstate Commerce Commission was approving the merger. VMV Enterprises in Paducah, Kentucky painted it in a one-of-a-kind commemorative scheme, combining Santa Fe's "Warbonnet" with BN's "Executive" colors of dark "Grinstein green" and cream. It was nicknamed the "vomit bonnet" by railfans. "BNSF" replaced "SANTA FE" on the front of the unit, and "Burlington Northern Santa Fe" was painted on the side.[76] The locomotive has since been repainted into the standard Heritage III livery.

BNSF logo adopted in 1996

By January 1996, BNSF had begun painting locomotives originally ordered for BN and ATSF patched with “BNSF” on the front and sides.[77] Then, in late May, the company introduced a new design on BN SD60M 9297, painted mainly in BN predecessor Great Northern Railway's pre-1967 colors of orange and dark "Pullman green," but also incorporating red and silver, and said to represent all major BN predecessors and Santa Fe. On the front was a new logo, placing "Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway" in the Santa Fe cross. Some of the striping details were different on each side,[78] and employees voted for the simpler right-side design, which, with some minor changes, became the new scheme,[79] replacing the BN colors. However, president and CEO Robert Krebs said the railroad was big enough for two designs, and Santa Fe's "Warbonnet" (with "BNSF" instead of "Santa Fe" on the front[80]) remained alongside the new Heritage I scheme.[81]

On January 24, 2005, as part of its tenth-anniversary celebration, the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway was renamed BNSF Railway and adopted a new logo.[82] By March, the logo had been applied to the sides and fronts of six ES44DCs,[83] and on April 11, BNSF officially chose the design it had applied to No. 7701.[84] The New Image scheme is also referred to as Heritage III.[85]

Since 2006, BNSF's locomotives designated for yard work or local trains have been painted in the Heritage IV scheme. Somewhat of a simplified form of the Heritage III scheme, Heritage IV is virtually identical to the original Heritage I scheme, with black instead of dark green, and the current BNSF logo.

A BNSF train crosses Lake Ashtabula on the Sheyenne River west of Luverne, North Dakota. The 2,736 ft (834 m) Sheyenne River Bridge was erected in 1912 by the Great Northern Railway.[86] The North Country Trail, a 4,600 mi (7,400 km) recreational trail, passes beneath the bridge.[87]

Lawsuits

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Swinomish trespassing lawsuit

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In 2015, BNSF was sued by the Swinomish Tribe in Washington state for violating the terms of a 1991 easement agreement between BNSF and the tribe that allows trains crossing the Swinomish Reservation to carry no more than 25 cars per day, with the tribe alleging that BNSF was running trains with four times as many cars as permitted under the easement agreement.[88][89] In 2023, US District Court Judge Robert Lasnik ruled that BNSF "willfully, consciously and knowingly exceeded the limitations on its right of access" from September 2012 to May 2021 "in pursuit of profits," finding that BNSF made a unilateral decision to increase the number of trains and cars crossing the reservation without the tribe's consent.[88][89] In June 2024, Lasnik ordered BNSF to pay $400 million to the tribe, after holding a four-day trial to determine how much in what Lasnik termed "ill-gotten" profit BNSF made by trespassing on the Swinomish Reservation from 2012 to 2021.[90]

WildEarth Guardians and Western Watershed Project lawsuit

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In 2023, two wildlife protection organizations, WildEarth Guardians and the Western Watershed Project, brought legal action against BNSF for ignoring the Endangered Species Act and not attempting to diminish the number of grizzly bears allegedly killed by trains in Montana since 2008. The groups maintain the company has been responsible for the deaths of 63 bears in that time. BNSF has applied to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service for a permit that would eliminate any penalty to the railroad for killing bears. According to the plaintiffs, the U.S. government never issued the permit and therefore the BNSF is liable.[91]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ "LLC 12.31.20 10K" (PDF). BNSF Railway 2020 10-K.
  2. ^ "BNSF – Fact Sheet" (PDF).
  3. ^ "TABLE 2-9 OPERATIONAL DATA, BY RAILROAD, 2010". Railroad Safety Statistics: 2010 Annual Report. U.S. Dept. of Transport. April 4, 2012.
  4. ^ "Financial Information". BNSF website.
  5. ^ "Our People". BNSF Railway and Burlington Northern Santa Fe, LLC, Officers. Archived from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
  6. ^ EuDaly, Kevin; Jessup, Steve; Schafer, Mike; Boyd, Jim; McBride, Andrew; Glischinski, Steve (2016). The Complete Book of North American Railroading. New York, NY: Crestline. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-7858-3389-5.
  7. ^ BNSF Railway (January 24, 2005). "BNSF Adopts New Corporate and Subsidiary Logos and Changes Name of Railway Subsidiary as Part of Tenth Anniversary Celebration". Archived from the original on November 29, 2005. Retrieved April 19, 2006.
  8. ^ Tully, Shawn (June 4, 2014). "The railroad with better profit margins than Google". Fortune. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
  9. ^ a b Middleton, William D.; MORGAN, RICK; Diehl, Roberta L. (2007). Encyclopedia of North American Railroads. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-253-02799-3.
  10. ^ Bryant, Keith; Frailey, Fred W. (2020). History of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-1-4962-2271-8.
  11. ^ "Railroad News". Trains. September 1994. pp. 14–16.
  12. ^ Michael W. Blaszak, Illinois Central, KCS seek a potent union, Trains, October 1994, pp. 14–16
  13. ^ Don Phillips, UP vies for Santa Fe; IC+KCS called off, Trains, January 1995, pp. 20–24
  14. ^ Arrivals & Departures, Trains, April 1995, p. 18
  15. ^ Kevin P. Keefe, Will Rob Krebs win the West?, Trains, May 1995, pp. 14–15
  16. ^ Scanner, Trains, June 1995, p. 21
  17. ^ J. David Ingles, BN-Santa Fe widens its lanes, Trains, July 1995, pp. 22–23
  18. ^ News Photos, Trains, July 1996, p. 30
  19. ^ Interstate Commerce Commission, Finance Docket No. 31730 (Sub-No. 1)[permanent dead link‍], August 25, 1995
  20. ^ Arrivals & Departures, Trains, October 1995, p. 18
  21. ^ Scanner, Trains, June 1996, p. 23
  22. ^ Securities and Exchange Commission, Form 10-K: Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2007
  23. ^ Keefe, Kevin P. (December 1995). "Carving up the West". Trains. pp. 16–18.
  24. ^ Surface Transportation Board, Finance Docket No. 32760, August 6, 1996
  25. ^ Stephens, Bill (July 1996). "Is Conrail a UP spoiler?". Trains. pp. 19–22.
  26. ^ Surface Transportation Board, Finance Docket No. 32760 (Sub-No. 19)[permanent dead link‍], September 9, 1996
  27. ^ "Arrivals & Departures". Trains. September 1996. p. 20.
  28. ^ Arrivals & Departures, Trains, December 1996, p. 22
  29. ^ Ingles, J. David (January 1997). "BNSF begins service on UP merger routes". Trains. pp. 20–21.
  30. ^ Kelly, Bruce (November 1997). "The thunder returns to Stampede Pass". Trains. pp. 40–51.
  31. ^ Lustig, David (February 1995). "Merger or no, Santa Fe has work to do". Trains. pp. 20–22.
  32. ^ STB Finance Docket No. 33842. Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ Michael W. Blaszak, CN, BNSF seek to combine; timing curious, Trains, March 2000, pp. 16–18
  34. ^ STB Ex Parte No. 582. Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ^ Michael W. Blaszak, STB slams on the brakes on mergers, Trains, June 2000, pp. 16–17
  36. ^ Michael W. Blaszak, Stymied: BNSF, CN won't fight on, Trains, October 2000, pp. 18–19
  37. ^ STB Ex Parte No. 582 (Sub-No. 1). Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ Michael W. Blaszak, Lawyers, start your engines!, Trains, September 2001, pp. 16–17
  39. ^ "CP-KCS Merger Proceeding Moves Forward". February 19, 2022.
  40. ^ Franz, Justin (March 15, 2023). "LIVE UPDATES: Regulators Approve CP-KCS Merger". Railfan & Railroad Magazine. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  41. ^ "Regulators approve Canadian Pacific-Kansas City Southern merger (updated)". Trains. March 15, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  42. ^ a b "About BNSF – Contact Us – BNSF". BNSF Railway. Archived from the original on December 31, 2009.
  43. ^ "Berkshire Bets on U.S. With a Railroad Purchase". November 3, 2009. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017.
  44. ^ Frye, Andrew (November 3, 2009). "Berkshire Buys Burlington in Buffett's Biggest Deal (Update5)". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
  45. ^ BNSF Railway Company (March 1, 2013). "FORM 10-K" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
  46. ^ "Montana Rail Link to bow out". Trains. April 2022. p. 4.
  47. ^ "MRL employees advised rail sold to BNSF". NBC Montana. January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
  48. ^ Stephens, Bill. "BNSF had to undo Montana Rail Link Lease." Trains, May 2022, p. 11.
  49. ^ Franz, Justin (January 11, 2022). "Washington Companies to terminate Montana Rail Link lease". Montana Free Press. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
  50. ^ "BNSF to take over Montana Rail Link after leasing agreement terminated". Missoula Current. January 14, 2022. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
  51. ^ UPDATE: STB Approves MRL Lease Termination, BNSF to Takeover by Year's End Railfan & Railroad March 8, 2023
  52. ^ "Freight train derails into Clark Fork River". Coeur d'Alene Press. April 3, 2023. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
  53. ^ For a general guide to the railroad, see Del Grosso, "Montana Rail Link Trackside Guide and Locomotive Directory" (1992, Great Northern Pacific Publications).
  54. ^ Stephens, Bill (June 16, 2023). "BNSF Railway sets date for taking control of Montana Rail Link". Trains. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
  55. ^ "Montana Rail Link to meld into BNSF come 2024 - RailPrime | ProgressiveRailroading". RailPrime. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  56. ^ a b c Fred W. Frailey, The Empire of BNSF, , June 2001, pp. 30–41
  57. ^ "BNSF Agricultural Facilities: On-line Grain Elevator Directory". Archived from the original on May 9, 2009. Retrieved May 1, 2009.
  58. ^ Steve Wilhelm, BNSF adding rail cars to meet Boeing 737 transport demand, Puget Sound Business Journal, Updated: Feb 11, 2013
  59. ^ a b c d e f "BNSF Railway Company 2022 10-K" (PDF).
  60. ^ "BNSF Railway to build new state-of-the-art-rail facility in Barstow, California". bnsf.com. Retrieved October 5, 2022.
  61. ^ "BNSF Railway to build integrated rail facility in Barstow, California". railway-news.com. October 3, 2022. Retrieved October 22, 2022.
  62. ^ "Newsroom, June 18, 2024:BNSF Railway to Develop New Master Plan Logistics Hub in Phoenix". bnsf.com. Retrieved July 9, 2024.
  63. ^ BNSF Railway (October 4, 2021). "BNSF Hump Yards".
  64. ^ "BNSF Chicago (Cicero)".
  65. ^ Rob Roberts (October 17, 2013). "BNSF CEO: 'Warren Bucks' build freight mode of future". Retrieved September 6, 2020.
  66. ^ "BNSF Logistics Park, Chicago". January 2020.
  67. ^ "BNSF Subdivision Map" (PDF). BNSF Railway. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  68. ^ BNSF employee timetables, 2006–2008
  69. ^ BNSF Railway Twin Cities Division, Northern Light Archived 2012-03-01 at the Wayback Machine (employee newsletter), March 2009: "The Mobridge Subdivision from Aberdeen to Hettinger ceded from Twin Cities Division to the Montana Division Jan. 20 to break down territory in the region, allowing for better coverage."
  70. ^ "Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway ordered by US Department of Labor's OSHA to pay more than $526,000 to terminated workers". Occupational Health & Safety Administration, US Department of Labour. April 23, 2014.
  71. ^ Acker, Lizzy (August 17, 2016). "Numerous used hypodermic needles found in University Park". The Oregonian. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
  72. ^ "Latest freight railroad layoffs and Wall Street pressure renew concerns about safety and service". AP News. March 1, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  73. ^ Kenn, Mary (April 2, 2024). "Are Railroad Layoffs Compromising Safety and Service?". DTN Progressive Farmer.
  74. ^ a b c "BNSF Railway Safety Culture Assessment Report" (PDF). U.S. Federal Railroad Administration. August 26, 2024. Retrieved October 10, 2024.
  75. ^ "BNSF Announces $2.4 Billion Capital Commitment Program for 2006; About $400 Million Again Slated for Track/Facilities Expansion" (Press release). January 24, 2006. Archived from the original on February 5, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2006.
  76. ^ Kevin P. Keefe and Steve Glischinski, Meanwhile, back in Fort Worth..., Trains, November 1995, pp. 18-18A
  77. ^ Burlington Northern Santa Fe: A gradual change of image, Trains, April 1996, p. 17
  78. ^ Steve Glischinski, It's 'all in the family' with the latest BNSF locomotive paint scheme, Trains, August 1996, pp. 16–17
  79. ^ News Photos, Trains, October 1996, p. 28
  80. ^ Railroad News, Trains, October 1997, pp. 30–31
  81. ^ Michael W. Blaszak, BNSF strives for an effective blend, Trains, April 1997, p. 43
  82. ^ BNSF Adopts New Corporate and Subsidiary Logos and Changes Name of Railway Subsidiary as Part of Tenth Anniversary Celebration Archived November 29, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, January 24, 2005
  83. ^ Front-runner for new BNSF image, Trains, June 2005, p. 20
  84. ^ BNSF selects new livery; is it "Heritage III"?, Trains, July 2005, p. 25
  85. ^ Another BNSF "one of a kind?", Trains, August 2005, p. 25
  86. ^ "BNSF – Sheyenne River Bridge". Bridgehunter.com. July 22, 2013.
  87. ^ "Lake Ashtabula Segment". North County Trail Association – Sheyenne River Valley Chapter. Archived from the original on August 11, 2015. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
  88. ^ a b Breda, Isabella (March 27, 2023). "Judge rules BNSF intentionally violated terms of easement with Swinomish tribe". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on April 30, 2024. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  89. ^ a b "Judge: BNSF intentionally violated Swinomish tribe agreement". AP News. March 28, 2023. Archived from the original on June 18, 2024. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  90. ^ Johnson, Gene (June 17, 2024). "Judge orders railway to pay Washington tribe nearly $400 million for trespassing with oil trains". AP News. Archived from the original on June 18, 2024. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  91. ^ Ehrlick, Darrell (December 14, 2023). "UPDATED: Wildlife groups sue BNSF for grizzlies being killed by trains without safety measures". Daily Montanan. Archived from the original on April 29, 2024.

References

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